In recent years, the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂RR) and the reduction of nitrogen (NRR) have attracted increasing attention due to their potential to transform energy from renewable and clean sources to chemical energy stored in value-added chemicals, such as hydrocarbons, alcohols and ammonia (NH₃). Meanwhile, CO₂RR can also reduce the global carbon footprint and address global climate change, while NRR may significantly improve the energy efficiency of NH₃ production. However, because CO₂ and N₂ molecules are inert, electrocatalysts with low overpotentials, high selectivities and superior faradaic efficiencies (FE) are required to enhance these two kinetically slow reactions. For the first time, this review discusses the similarities and differences between CO₂RR and NRR in the following aspects: (1) fundamental theory of the reaction mechanisms and the corresponding catalyst design principles; (2) reaction systems and product analysis methods; (3) recent advances in heterogeneous electrocatalysts synthesized from different metals with various compositions, structures and morphologies. Much progress has been achieved to improve catalytic performance towards CO₂RR and NRR. Finally, an outlook of future developments for CO₂RR and NRR is proposed.

中文翻译：

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用于还原二氧化碳和氮的基于金属的非均相电催化剂：机理，最新进展和展望

近年来，二氧化碳的电化学还原（CO ₂ RR）和氮的还原（NRR）受到了越来越多的关注，因为它们具有将可再生能源和清洁能源转化为增值化学品中存储的化学能的潜力。作为碳氢化合物，醇和氨（NH ₃）。同时，CO ₂ RR还可以减少全球碳足迹并解决全球气候变化，而NRR可以显着提高NH ₃生产的能源效率。但是，因为CO ₂和N ₂由于分子是惰性的，因此需要具有低过电势，高选择性和优异的法拉第效率（FE）的电催化剂来增强这两个动力学缓慢的反应。本文首次从以下几个方面讨论了CO ₂ RR和NRR的异同：（1）反应机理的基本理论和相应的催化剂设计原则；（2）反应体系和产物分析方法；（3）由具有不同组成，结构和形态的不同金属合成的非均相电催化剂的最新进展。在改善对CO ₂ RR和NRR的催化性能方面已经取得了很大进展。最后，提出了对CO ₂ RR和NRR未来发展的展望。