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The effects of insecticides on butterflies – A review
Environmental Pollution ( IF 8.9 ) Pub Date : 2018-07-04 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.100
Nora Braak , Rebecca Neve , Andrew K. Jones , Melanie Gibbs , Casper J. Breuker

Pesticides, in particular insecticides, can be very beneficial but have also been found to have harmful side effects on non-target insects. Butterflies play an important role in ecosystems, are well monitored and are recognised as good indicators of environmental health. The amount of information already known about butterfly ecology and the increased availability of genomes make them a very valuable model for the study of non-target effects of pesticide usage. The effects of pesticides are not simply linear, but complex through their interactions with a large variety of biotic and abiotic factors. Furthermore, these effects manifest themselves at a variety of levels, from the molecular to metapopulation level. Research should therefore aim to dissect these complex effects at a number of levels, but as we discuss in this review, this is seldom if ever done in butterflies. We suggest that in order dissect the complex effects of pesticides on butterflies we need to integrate detailed molecular studies, including characterising sequence variability of relevant target genes, with more classical evolutionary ecology; from direct toxicity tests on individual larvae in the laboratory to field studies that consider the potentiation of pesticides by ecologically relevant environmental biotic and abiotic stressors. Such integration would better inform population-level responses across broad geographical scales and provide more in-depth information about the non-target impacts of pesticides.



中文翻译:

杀虫剂对蝴蝶的影响-综述

农药,特别是杀虫剂可能非常有益,但也发现它们对非目标昆虫具有有害的副作用。蝴蝶在生态系统中发挥着重要作用,受到了良好的监控,并被公认为是环境健康的良好指标。已知的有关蝴蝶生态学的信息量以及基因组可用性的提高,使其成为研究农药使用的非目标效应的非常有价值的模型。农药的作用不仅是线性的,而且还通过与多种生物和非生物因子的相互作用而变得复杂。此外,从分子水平到后代水平,这些效应都表现在多种水平上。因此,研究应旨在从多个层面剖析这些复杂的影响,但是正如我们在本次审查中所讨论的那样,很少在蝴蝶身上做过。我们建议,为了剖析农药对蝴蝶的复杂影响,我们需要整合详细的分子研究,包括表征相关靶基因的序列变异性以及更经典的进化生态学。从实验室对单个幼虫的直接毒性测试到考虑到生态相关的环境生物和非生物胁迫源对农药增效作用的田间研究。这种整合将更好地指导广泛地理范围内的人口响应,并提供有关农药非目标影响的更深入的信息。包括表征相关靶基因的序列变异性,以及更为经典的进化生态学;从实验室对单个幼虫的直接毒性测试到考虑到生态相关的环境生物和非生物胁迫源对农药增效作用的田间研究。这种整合将更好地指导广泛地理范围内的人口响应,并提供有关农药非目标影响的更深入的信息。包括表征相关靶基因的序列变异性,以及更为经典的进化生态学;从实验室对单个幼虫的直接毒性测试到考虑到生态相关的环境生物和非生物胁迫源对农药增效作用的田间研究。这种整合将更好地指导广泛地理范围内的人口响应,并提供有关农药非目标影响的更深入的信息。

更新日期:2018-07-05
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