Antibiotics can effectively protect livestock from pathogen infection, but residual antibiotics in manure bring risks to ecosystems and public health. Here, we demonstrated that black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) could provide an environmentally friendly manure treatment based on their ability to effectively and rapidly degrade tetracycline (TC). Investigation of the biological mechanisms and degradation pathways of TC by BSFL indicated that nearly 97% of TC was degraded within 12 days in a non-sterile BSFL treatment system, which is up to 1.6-fold faster than that achieved by normal composting. Our results showed that rapid TC-degradation was largely carried out by the intestinal microbiota of the larvae, which doubled the TC-degradation rates compared to those achieved in sterile BSFL systems. This conclusion was further supported by highly-efficient TC-biodegradation both in vivo and in vitro by four larval intestinal isolates. Moreover, detailed microbiome analysis indicated that intestinal bacterial and fungal communities were modified along with significantly increased tet gene copy number in the gut, providing the means to tolerate and degrade TC. Through analysis of TC degradation in vitro, four possible biodegradation products, two hydrolysis products and three conceivable inactivation products were identified, which suggested TC degradation reactions including hydrolysis, oxygenation, deamination, demethylation, ring-cleavage, modification, etc. In conclusion, our studies suggested an estimation of the fate of TC antibiotics in manure treatment by BSFL colonized by gut microbes. These results may provide a strategy for accelerating the degradation of antibiotics by adjusting the intestinal microbiota of BSFL.

抗生素可以有效地保护牲畜免受病原体的感染，但是粪便中残留的抗生素会给生态系统和公共健康带来风险。在这里，我们证明了黑人士兵蝇幼虫（BSFL）可以根据其有效和快速降解四环素（TC）的能力提供一种环境友好的粪便处理方法。BSFL对TC的生物学机制和降解途径的研究表明，在非无菌BSFL处理系统中，将近97％的TC在12天内降解，比普通堆肥快1.6倍。我们的结果表明，幼虫的肠道菌群在很大程度上导致了快速的TC降解，与无菌BSFL系统相比，TC降解率翻了一番。在体内和体外均由四种幼虫肠道分离株组成。此外，详细的微生物组分析表明，肠道细菌和真菌群落被修饰，肠道中的tet基因拷贝数显着增加，从而提供了耐受和降解TC的手段。通过体外TC降解分析，鉴定出四种可能的生物降解产物，两种水解产物和三种可能的失活产物，这表明TC降解反应包括水解，氧化，脱氨基，脱甲基，环裂解，修饰等。总而言之，我们的研究提出了对命运的估计。肠道菌群定殖的BSFL在粪便处理中使用的TC抗生素的数量 这些结果可能提供了通过调整BSFL的肠道菌群来加速抗生素降解的策略。