Alongside the exponential flourish of research on age-related trajectories of human brain development during childhood and adolescence in the past two decades, there has been an increase in the body of work examining the association between pubertal development and brain maturation. This review systematically examines empirical research on puberty-related structural and functional brain development in humans, with the aim of identifying convergent patterns of associations. We emphasize longitudinal studies, and discuss pervasive but oft-overlooked methodological issues that may be contributing to inconsistent findings and hindering progress (e.g., conflating distinct pubertal indices and different measurement instruments). We also briefly evaluate support for prominent models of adolescent neurodevelopment that hypothesize puberty-related changes in brain regions involved in affective and motivational processes. For the field to progress, replication studies are needed to help resolve current inconsistencies and gain a clearer understanding of pubertal associations with brain development in humans, knowledge that is crucial to make sense of the changes in psychosocial functioning, risk behavior, and mental health during adolescence.

过去二十年，随着对儿童期和青春期人类大脑发育与年龄相关轨迹的研究呈指数级增长，研究青春期发育与大脑成熟之间关系的工作也不断增加。本综述系统地考察了人类青春期相关结构和功能性大脑发育的实证研究，旨在确定关联的趋同模式。我们强调纵向研究，并讨论普遍但经常被忽视的方法论问题，这些问题可能导致结果不一致并阻碍进展（例如，将不同的青春期指数和不同的测量工具混为一谈）。我们还简要评估了对青少年神经发育的著名模型的支持，这些模型假设涉及情感和动机过程的大脑区域与青春期相关的变化。为了使该领域取得进展，需要进行重复研究来帮助解决当前的不一致问题，并更清楚地了解青春期与人类大脑发育的关系，这些知识对于理解青春期期间心理社会功能、危险行为和心理健康的变化至关重要。青春期。