Carbonaceous catalyst, with a variety of acid sites, was successfully synthesized by a two-step method at low temperature. The synthesized catalyst (Zr-SO₃[email protected]) was characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, ICP-OES, FT-IR, BET, SEM-EDX and Boehm titration. It had high total acid content (8.45 mmol/g) for oleic acid esterification with high biodiesel yields (> 99%) at 40–90 °C. Under conditions of 90 °C, 20/1 methanol/oleic acid molar ratio, 5 wt% catalyst and 2 h reaction time, biodiesel yield of > 87% was achieved after 10 cycles of use. At lower temperatures (40, 50 and 60 °C), biodiesel yield still reached 82%, 93% and 90% after 3 cycles, respectively. The high activity of Zr-SO₃[email protected] benefited from low activation energy of 24.7 KJ/mol. It shows potential application for esterification of free fatty acids or pretreatment of oils with high acid value for the green production of biodiesel.

在低温下通过两步法成功合成了具有多种酸位的碳质催化剂。通过元素分析，XRD，ICP-OES，FT-IR，BET，SEM-EDX和Boehm滴定对合成的催化剂（Zr-SO ₃ [电子邮件保护]）进行了表征。在40–90°C时，油酸酯化的总酸含量高（8.45 mmol / g），生物柴油收率高（> 99％）。在90°C，20/1甲醇/油酸摩尔比，5 wt％催化剂和2 h反应时间的条件下，使用10个循环后，生物柴油收率> 87％。在较低的温度（40、50和60°C）下，经过3个循环后，生物柴油的收率仍分别达到82％，93％和90％。Zr-SO ₃的高活性[电子邮件保护]得益于24.7 KJ / mol的低活化能。它显示了将游离脂肪酸酯化或对具有高酸值的油进行预处理以绿色生产生物柴油的潜在应用。