Bone has well documented natural healing capacity that normally is sufficient to repair fractures and other common injuries. However, the properties of bone change throughout life, and aging is accompanied by increased incidence of bone diseases and compromised fracture healing capacity, which necessitate effective therapies capable of enhancing bone regeneration. The therapeutic potential of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for bone repair has been long proposed and examined. Actions of MSCs may include direct differentiation to become bone cells, attraction and recruitment of other cells, or creation of a regenerative environment via production of trophic growth factors. With systemic aging, MSCs also undergo functional decline, which has been well investigated in a number of recent studies. In this review, we first describe the changes in MSCs during aging and discuss how these alterations can affect bone regeneration. We next review current research findings on bone tissue engineering, which is considered a promising and viable therapeutic solution for structural and functional restoration of bone. In particular, the importance of MSCs and bioscaffolds is highlighted. Finally, potential approaches for the prevention of MSC aging and the rejuvenation of aged MSC are discussed.

中文翻译：

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骨髓间充质干细胞：衰老和组织工程应用以增强骨愈合。

骨骼具有良好的自然愈合能力，通常足以修复骨折和其他常见损伤。然而，骨骼的特性在整个生命过程中都会发生变化，衰老伴随着骨骼疾病发生率的增加和骨折愈合能力的降低，这需要能够增强骨骼再生的有效疗法。成体间充质干细胞（MSC）用于骨修复的治疗潜力早已被提出和检验。MSC 的作用可能包括直接分化为骨细胞、吸引和招募其他细胞，或通过产生营养生长因子来创建再生环境。随着全身衰老，间充质干细胞也会经历功能衰退，最近的许多研究对此进行了深入研究。在这篇综述中，我们首先描述了衰老过程中 MSC 的变化，并讨论了这些变化如何影响骨再生。接下来我们回顾一下骨组织工程的最新研究成果，骨组织工程被认为是一种有前途且可行的骨结构和功能恢复治疗解决方案。特别强调了间充质干细胞和生物支架的重要性。最后，讨论了预防 MSC 衰老和使衰老 MSC 恢复活力的潜在方法。