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Mitochondrial damage and apoptosis: Key features in BDE-153-induced hepatotoxicity
Chemico-Biological Interactions ( IF 5.1 ) Pub Date : 2018-06-20 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.021
Lilian Cristina Pereira , Luiz Felipe Cabral Miranda , Mariana Furio Franco-Bernardes , Maria Julia Tasso , Filipe Valente Duarte , Ana Teresa Inácio Varela , Anabela Pinto Rolo , Carlos Manuel Marques Palmeira , Daniel Junqueira Dorta

Brominated flame retardants are used in consumer goods to increase product resistance to fire and/or high temperatures. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are the most commonly employed class of brominated flame retardants because they are inexpensive and can effectively prevent flame from spreading. PBDEs are persistent, can bioaccumulate, are transported over long distances, and display toxicity. However, their toxic mechanisms of action have not been well established. Because mitochondria are recognized as the main energy-producing cell organelle and play a vital role in cellular function maintenance, here we apply mitochondria as an experimental model to evaluate the toxic effects of the PBDE congener BDE-153 (Hexa-BDE) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 25 μM. We also assess BDE-153 cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells in order to elucidate its mechanisms of toxicity. Exposure to BDE-153 affects isolated mitochondria: this congener can interact with the mitochondrial membrane, to dissipate the membrane potential and to induce significant ATP depletion. Furthermore, BDE-153 can diminish MTT reduction and cell proliferation and can interfere in cell cycle, as evaluated in cell cultures. These cytotoxic effects are related to mitochondrial dysfunction due to mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and reactive oxygen species accumulation. These effects result in apoptotic cell death, as demonstrated by phosphatidylserine maintenance on the cell membrane external surface, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and presence of pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c and Apoptosis-inducing Factor (AIF) plus caspase 3 activation in the cytosol. Together, our results show PBDEs can induce cytotoxicity, reinforcing the idea that these compounds pose a risk to the exposed population.



中文翻译:

线粒体损伤和凋亡:BDE-153诱导的肝毒性的关键特征

溴化阻燃剂用于消费品中,以提高产品的耐火和/或高温性能。多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是最常用的一类溴化阻燃剂,因为它们价格便宜并且可以有效地防止火焰蔓延。PBDEs具有持久性,可以生物蓄积,可以长距离运输并显示毒性。但是,它们的毒性作用机理尚未完全确立。由于线粒体是公认的主要产生能量的细胞器,并且在细胞功能维持中起着至关重要的作用,因此我们将线粒体用作实验模型,以评估浓度范围为PBDE的BDE-153(Hexa-BDE)的毒性作用。从0.1到25μM。我们还评估了BDE-153对HepG2细胞的细胞毒性,以阐明其毒性机制。暴露于BDE-153会影响孤立的线粒体:该同类物可以与线粒体膜相互作用,耗散膜电位并诱导明显的ATP耗竭。此外,如在细胞培养物中评估的那样,BDE-153可以减少MTT的减少和细胞增殖,并且可以干扰细胞周期。由于线粒体膜电位耗散和活性氧的积累,这些细胞毒性作用与线粒体功能障碍有关。这些作用导致凋亡的细胞死亡,如磷脂酰丝氨酸在细胞膜外表面的维持,核浓缩和碎片化以及促凋亡因子(例如细胞色素)的存在所证明。暴露于BDE-153会影响孤立的线粒体:该同类物可以与线粒体膜相互作用,耗散膜电位并诱导明显的ATP耗竭。此外,如在细胞培养物中评估的那样,BDE-153可以减少MTT的减少和细胞增殖,并且可以干扰细胞周期。由于线粒体膜电位耗散和活性氧的积累,这些细胞毒性作用与线粒体功能障碍有关。这些作用导致凋亡的细胞死亡,如磷脂酰丝氨酸在细胞膜外表面的维持,核浓缩和碎片化以及促凋亡因子(例如细胞色素)的存在所证明。暴露于BDE-153会影响孤立的线粒体:该同类物可以与线粒体膜相互作用,耗散膜电位并诱导明显的ATP耗竭。此外,如在细胞培养物中评估的那样,BDE-153可以减少MTT的减少和细胞增殖,并且可以干扰细胞周期。由于线粒体膜电位耗散和活性氧的积累,这些细胞毒性作用与线粒体功能障碍有关。这些作用导致凋亡的细胞死亡,如磷脂酰丝氨酸在细胞膜外表面的维持,核浓缩和碎片化以及促凋亡因子(例如细胞色素)的存在所证明。耗散膜电位并诱导明显的ATP耗竭。此外,如在细胞培养物中评估的那样,BDE-153可以减少MTT的减少和细胞增殖,并且可以干扰细胞周期。由于线粒体膜电位耗散和活性氧的积累,这些细胞毒性作用与线粒体功能障碍有关。这些作用导致凋亡的细胞死亡,如磷脂酰丝氨酸在细胞膜外表面的维持,核浓缩和断裂以及促凋亡因子(例如细胞色素)的存在所证明的。耗散膜电位并诱导明显的ATP耗竭。此外,如在细胞培养物中评估的那样,BDE-153可以减少MTT的减少和细胞增殖,并且可以干扰细胞周期。由于线粒体膜电位耗散和活性氧的积累,这些细胞毒性作用与线粒体功能障碍有关。这些作用导致凋亡的细胞死亡,如磷脂酰丝氨酸在细胞膜外表面的维持,核浓缩和碎片化以及促凋亡因子(例如细胞色素)的存在所证明。由于线粒体膜电位耗散和活性氧的积累,这些细胞毒性作用与线粒体功能障碍有关。这些作用导致凋亡的细胞死亡,如磷脂酰丝氨酸在细胞膜外表面的维持,核浓缩和碎片化以及促凋亡因子(例如细胞色素)的存在所证明。由于线粒体膜电位耗散和活性氧的积累,这些细胞毒性作用与线粒体功能障碍有关。这些作用导致凋亡的细胞死亡,如磷脂酰丝氨酸在细胞膜外表面的维持,核浓缩和碎片化以及促凋亡因子(例如细胞色素)的存在所证明。c和细胞浆中的凋亡诱导因子(AIF)加上caspase 3激活。总之,我们的结果表明,PBDEs可以诱导细胞毒性,从而增强了这些化合物对暴露人群构成风险的观念。

更新日期:2018-06-20
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