Land-use intensification in the tropics plays an important role in meeting global demand for agricultural commodities but generates high environmental costs. Here, we synthesize the impacts of rainforest conversion to tree plantations of increasing management intensity on carbon stocks and dynamics. Rainforests in Sumatra converted to jungle rubber, rubber, and oil palm monocultures lost 116 Mg C ha^-1, 159 Mg C ha^-1, and 174 Mg C ha^-1, respectively. Up to 21% of these carbon losses originated from belowground pools, where soil organic matter still decreases a decade after conversion. Oil palm cultivation leads to the highest carbon losses but it is the most efficient land use, providing the lowest ratio between ecosystem carbon storage loss or net primary production (NPP) decrease and yield. The imbalanced sharing of NPP between short-term human needs and maintenance of long-term ecosystem functions could compromise the ability of plantations to provide ecosystem services regulating climate, soil fertility, water, and nutrient cycles.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚将雨林转变为人工林的碳成本和收益。

热带地区的土地集约化在满足全球对农业商品的需求方面起着重要作用，但是却产生了高昂的环境成本。在这里，我们综合说明了雨林转换为管理强度不断提高的人工林对碳库和碳动态的影响。苏门答腊雨林转化为丛林橡胶，橡胶和油棕榈单一栽培丢失116镁Ç公顷^-1，159镁Ç公顷^-1和174的MgÇ公顷^-1， 分别。这些碳损失中多达21％来自地下池，在地下池中，转化后十年，土壤有机质仍在减少。油棕种植导致最高的碳损失，但它是最有效的土地利用，在生态系统碳储存损失或净初级生产（NPP）减少与产量之间的比率最低。短期人类需求与长期生态系统功能维持之间的NPP分配不平衡可能会损害人工林提供调节气候，土壤肥力，水和养分循环的生态系统服务的能力。