The discovery of graphene one decade ago has triggered enormous interest in developing two-dimensional materials (2DMs)—that is 2D allotropes of various elements or compounds (consisting of two or more covalently bonded elements) or molecular frameworks with periodic structures. At present, various synthesis strategies have been exploited to produce 2DMs, such as top-down exfoliation and bottom-up chemical vapor deposition and solution synthesis methods. In this review article, we will highlight the interfacial roles toward the controlled synthesis of inorganic and organic 2DMs with varied structural features. We will summarize the state-of-the-art progress on interfacial synthesis strategies and address their advancements in the structural, morphological, and crystalline control by the direction of the arrangement of the molecules or precursors at a confined 2D space. First, we will provide an overview of the interfaces and introduce their advantages and uniqueness for the synthesis of 2DMs, followed by a brief classification of inorganic and organic 2DMs achieved by interfacial synthesis. Next, the currently developed interfacial synthesis strategies combined with representative inorganic and organic 2DMs are summarized, including the description of method details, the corresponding structural features, and the insights into the advantages and limitations of the synthesis methods, along with some recommendable characterization methods for understanding the interfacial assembly of the precursors and crystal growth of 2DMs. After that, we will discuss several classes of emerging organic 2DMs with particular emphasis on the structural control by the interfacial synthesis strategies. Note that, inorganic 2DMs will not be categorized separately due to the fact that a number of review articles have covered the synthesis, structure, processing, and applications. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are provided regarding the future development of interface-assisted synthesis of 2DMs with diverse structural and functional control.

中文翻译：

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界面辅助2D材料合成：趋势与挑战

十年前石墨烯的发现引发了人们对开发二维材料（2DM）的极大兴趣，二维材料是各种元素或化合物（由两个或多个共价键合的元素组成）或具有周期性结构的分子框架的2D同素异形体。目前，已开发出各种合成策略来生产2DM，例如自上而下的剥离和自下而上的化学气相沉积以及溶液合成方法。在这篇评论文章中，我们将重点介绍具有可变结构特征的无机和有机2DM的受控合成的界面作用。我们将总结界面合成策略的最新进展，并探讨其在结构，形态，通过限制二维空间中分子或前体的排列方向来控制晶体。首先，我们将概述这些界面，并介绍其在2DM合成中的优势和独特性，然后对通过界面合成实现的无机和有机2DM进行简要分类。接下来，总结了目前开发的与代表性的无机和有机2DM结合的界面合成策略，包括方法细节的描述，相应的结构特征以及对合成方法的优缺点的见解，以及一些推荐的表征方法。了解前体的界面组装和2DM的晶体生长。之后，我们将讨论几类新兴的有机2DM，特别强调界面合成策略对结构的控制。请注意，由于许多评论文章涵盖了合成，结构，加工和应用，因此不会对无机2DM进行单独分类。最后，针对具有各种结构和功能控制的2DM接口辅助合成的未来发展提供了挑战和前景。