Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are replacing bisphenol A (BPA) in the manufacturing of products containing polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Data on current human exposure levels of these substitutes are needed to aid in the assessment of their human health risks. This study analyzed urinary bisphenol levels in adults (N = 1808) and children (N = 868) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2014 and investigated demographic and lifestyle factors associated with urinary levels of bisphenols. BPA, BPS, and BPF were detected in 95.7, 89.4, and 66.5% of randomly selected urine samples analyzed as part of NHANES 2013–2014, respectively. Median levels of BPA in U.S. adult were higher (1.24 μg/L) than BPF and BPS levels (0.35 and 0.37 μg/L, respectively). For children, median BPA levels were also higher (1.25 μg/L) than BPF and BPS levels (0.32 and 0.29 μg/L, respectively). The limits of detection for BPA, BPF, and BPS were 0.2, 0.2, and 0.1 μg/L, respectively. Urinary levels showed associations with gender, race/ethnicity, family income, physical activity, smoking, and/or alcohol intake that depended on the specific bisphenol. The results of this study indicate that exposure of the general U.S. population to BPA substitutes is almost ubiquitous. Because exposures differ across the U.S. population, further studies of environmental, consumer, and lifestyle factors affecting BPF and BPS exposures are warranted.

中文翻译：

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美国成年人和儿童中双酚A，双酚F和双酚S的暴露：2013-2014年美国国家健康和营养调查

在制造包含聚碳酸酯和环氧树脂的产品时，双酚F（BPF）和双酚S（BPS）替代了双酚A（BPA）。需要这些替代品当前人类暴露水平的数据，以帮助评估其人类健康风险。这项研究分析了成年人（N = 1808）和儿童（N= 868）参加了2013-2014年美国国家健康和营养调查（NHANES），并调查了与双酚尿水平相关的人口和生活方式因素。作为NHANES 2013-2014的一部分，在随机选择的尿液样本中分别检测到95.7、89.4和66.5％的BPA，BPS和BPF。美国成年人中BPA的中位数水平（1.24μg/ L）高于BPF和BPS的水平（分别为0.35和0.37μg/ L）。对于儿童，BPA中位数水平也高于BPF和BPS水平（分别为0.32和0.29μg/ L）（1.25μg/ L）。BPA，BPF和BPS的检出限分别为0.2、0.2和0.1μg/ L。尿液水平与性别，种族/民族，家庭收入，体育锻炼，吸烟和/或酒精摄入量相关，具体取决于特定的双酚。这项研究的结果表明，美国普通民众几乎无处不在的BPA替代品。由于整个美国人群的暴露水平不同，因此有必要进一步研究影响BPF和BPS暴露的环境，消费者和生活方式因素。