The family of two-dimensional (2D) materials is comprised of a continually expanding palette of unique compositions and properties with potential applications in electronics, optoelectronics, energy capture and storage, catalysis, and nanomedicine. To accelerate the implementation of 2D materials in widely disseminated technologies, human health and environmental implications need to be addressed. While extensive research has focused on assessing the toxicity and environmental fate of graphene and related carbon nanomaterials, the potential hazards of other 2D materials have only recently begun to be explored. Herein, the toxicity and environmental fate of postcarbon 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride, and black phosphorus, are reviewed as a function of their preparation methods and surface functionalization. Specifically, we delineate how the hazard potential of 2D materials is directly related to structural parameters and physicochemical properties and how experimental design is critical to the accurate elucidation of the underlying toxicological mechanisms. Finally, a multidisciplinary approach for streamlining the hazard assessment of emerging 2D materials is outlined, thereby providing a pathway for accelerating their safe use in a range of technologically relevant contexts.

中文翻译：

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评估和减轻二维材料的潜在危险

二维 (2D) 材料系列由不断扩展的独特成分和特性组成，在电子、光电子、能量捕获和存储、催化和纳米医学领域具有潜在应用。为了加速二维材料在广泛传播的技术中的应用，需要解决对人类健康和环境的影响。虽然广泛的研究集中在评估石墨烯和相关碳纳米材料的毒性和环境归趋，但其他二维材料的潜在危害最近才开始探索。本文综述了后碳二维材料（如过渡金属二硫属化物、六方氮化硼和黑磷）的毒性和环境归趋与其制备方法和表面功能化的关系。具体来说，我们描述了二维材料的潜在危险如何与结构参数和理化性质直接相关，以及实验设计如何对于准确阐明潜在毒理学机制至关重要。最后，概述了一种简化新​​兴二维材料危害评估的多学科方法，从而为加速其在一系列技术相关环境中的安全使用提供了途径。