Vaccines, one of the most effective and powerful public health measures, have saved countless lives over the past century and still have a tremendous global impact. As an indispensable component of modern vaccines, adjuvants play a critical role in strengthening and/or shaping a specific immune response against infectious diseases as well as malignancies. The application of nanotechnology provides the possibility of precisely tailoring the building blocks of nanoadjuvants towards modern vaccines with the desired immune response. The last decade has witnessed great academic progress in inorganic nanomaterials for vaccine adjuvants in terms of nanometer-scale synthesis, structure control, and functionalization design. Inorganic adjuvants generally facilitate the delivery of antigens, allowing them to be released in a sustained manner, enhance immunogenicity, deliver antigens efficiently to specific targets, and induce a specific immune response. In particular, the recent discovery of the intrinsic immunomodulatory function of inorganic nanomaterials further allows us to shape the immune response towards the desired type and increase the efficacy of vaccines. In this article, we comprehensively review state-of-the-art research on the use of inorganic nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants. Attention is focused on the physicochemical properties of versatile inorganic nanoadjuvants, such as composition, size, morphology, shape, hydrophobicity, and surface charge, to effectively stimulate cellular immunity, considering that the clinically used alum adjuvants can only induce strong humoral immunity. In addition, the efforts made to date to expand the application of inorganic nanoadjuvants in cancer vaccines are summarized. Finally, we discuss the future prospects and our outlook on tailoring inorganic nanoadjuvants towards next-generation vaccines.

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为下一代疫苗量身定制无机纳米佐剂

疫苗是最有效，最有力的公共卫生措施之一，在过去的一个世纪中挽救了无数生命，并且仍在全球范围内产生巨大影响。作为现代疫苗必不可少的组成部分，佐剂在加强和/或塑造针对传染病和恶性肿瘤的特定免疫反应中起着至关重要的作用。纳米技术的应用为针对具有所需免疫反应的现代疫苗精确定制纳米佐剂的组成部分提供了可能性。过去十年见证了用于疫苗佐剂的无机纳米材料在纳米级合成，结构控制和功能化设计方面的巨大学术进步。无机佐剂通常可促进抗原的递送，使它们能够持续释放。增强免疫原性，将抗原有效地传递至特定靶标，并诱导特定的免疫反应。特别地，无机纳米材料的固有免疫调节功能的最新发现进一步使我们能够形成针对所需类型的免疫应答，并提高疫苗的功效。在本文中，我们全面回顾了有关使用无机纳米材料作为疫苗佐剂的最新研究。考虑到临床上使用的明矾佐剂只能诱导强烈的体液免疫，注意力集中在多种无机纳米佐剂的理化特性上，例如组成，大小，形态，形状，疏水性和表面电荷，以有效地刺激细胞免疫。此外，总结了迄今为止为扩大无机纳米佐剂在癌症疫苗中的应用所做的努力。最后，我们讨论了针对下一代疫苗定制无机纳米佐剂的未来前景和前景。