Extensive research on two-dimensional (2D) materials has triggered the renaissance of an old topic, that is, the intercalation and exfoliation of layer materials. Such top-down exfoliation produced 2D materials and their dispersions have several advantages including low cost, scalable production capability, solution processability, and versatile functionalities stemming from the large number of species of layer materials, and show promising potential in many applications. In recent years, many new methods have been developed for exfoliating layer materials to 2D materials for different application purposes. In this review the different exfoliation approaches are first systematically analyzed from the viewpoint of methodology, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared. Second, the assembly of exfoliated 2D materials into macrostructures by solution-based techniques is summarized. Third, the state-of-the-art applications of 2D material dispersions and their assemblies in electronics and optoelectronics, electrocatalysis, energy storage, etc., are discussed. Finally, insights and perspectives on current research challenges and future opportunities regarding the exfoliation and applications of 2D materials in dispersions are considered.

中文翻译：

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二维材料分散体的制备及其应用

二维（2D）材料的广泛研究引发了一个古老主题的复兴，那就是层材料的嵌入和剥落。这种由上而下的剥离产生的2D材料及其分散体具有多种优势，包括低成本，可扩展的生产能力，溶液加工性以及源于多种层材料的多功能功能，并且在许多应用中显示出有希望的潜力。近年来，已经开发了许多新方法，用于将层材料剥离为2D材料以用于不同的应用目的。在这篇综述中，首先从方法论的角度对不同的去角质方法进行了系统的分析，并比较了每种方法的优缺点。第二，总结了通过基于解决方案的技术将剥落的2D材料组装成宏观结构的过程。第三，二维材料色散及其组装在电子和光电子，电催化，能量存储，等。最后，考虑了有关二维材料在分散体中的剥落和应用方面的当前研究挑战和未来机遇的见解和观点。