Consumers regularly use household care and personal care products (HC&PCPs). Isothiazolinones are included in HC&PCPs as preservatives and are being held responsible for an epidemic rise in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The objective of this study was to assess the origin and extent of dermal exposure in order to evaluate the risk of ACD from isothiazolinones in HC&PCP.

Individual-based aggregate dermal exposure to four isothiazolinones was estimated using the newly proposed Probabilistic Aggregated Consumer Exposure Model–Kinetic, Dermal (PACEM-KD) by combining the reported individual use patterns for HC&PCP in Switzerland (N = 669 (558 adults), ages 0–91) with isothiazolinone concentrations measured in products used by the individual person. PACEM-KD extends the original PACEM by considering exposure duration, product dilution and skin permeability. PACEM-KD-based higher-tier exposure on palms (99th percentile) was 15.4 ng/cm², 1.3 ng/cm², 0.9 ng/cm², and 0.08 ng/cm² for the isothiazolinones 1,2‑Benzisothiazol‑3‑(2H)‑one (BIT), 2‑Octyl‑3(2H)‑isothiazolinone (OIT), 2‑Methylisothiazolin‑3(2H)‑one (MI), and 5‑Chloro‑2‑methyl‑4‑isothiazolin‑3‑one (CMI), respectively. Major sources of exposure to BIT included all-purpose cleaners, dishwashing detergent, and kitchen cleaner, while exposure to OIT mainly stems from a fungicide. For MI, the main contributors were dishwashing detergent and all-purpose wet wipes, and for CMI all-purpose cleaner. A Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for BIT using Sensitization Assessment Factors (SAFs) indicates that around 1% of the Swiss population is at risk to be sensitized by BIT in cosmetics and household chemicals. For isothiazolinones in general the presented higher-tier modelling approach suggests that household cleaners are currently more important sources of exposure than cosmetics.

消费者定期使用家庭护理和个人护理产品（HC＆PCP）。异噻唑啉酮类化合物作为防腐剂包含在HC＆PCP中，并被认为是导致过敏性接触性皮炎（ACD）流行的原因。这项研究的目的是评估皮肤接触的起源和程度，以便评估HC＆PCP中异噻唑啉酮类药物引起ACD的风险。

使用新提议的概率综合消费者暴露模型-动力学，皮肤（PACEM-KD），通过结合瑞士报告的HC＆PCP的个人使用模式（N = 669（558名成人），年龄），估算了个人对四种异噻唑啉酮的皮肤总暴露量。 0–91），其中个人个人使用的产品中测得的异噻唑啉酮浓度。PACEM-KD通过考虑暴露时间，产品稀释度和皮肤渗透性来扩展原始PACEM。手掌上（第99百分位）为基础的海洋和平KD-更高层曝光为15.4毫微克/厘米²，1.3毫微克/厘米²，0.9毫微克/厘米²，和0.08纳克/厘米²异噻唑啉酮1,2-苯异噻唑-3-（2H）-one（BIT），2-辛基-3-3（2H）-异噻唑啉酮（OIT），2-甲基异噻唑啉-3-（2H）-one（MI）和5氯-2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-一（CMI）。暴露于BIT的主要来源包括多用途清洁剂，洗碗精和厨房清洁剂，而暴露于OIT主要来自杀菌剂。对于MI，主要贡献者是洗碗精和通用湿巾，而对于CMI通用清洁剂。使用敏感性评估因子（SAF）进行的BIT定量风险评估（QRA）表明，约有1％的瑞士人口面临化妆品和日用化学品中BIT致敏的风险。通常，对于异噻唑啉酮，所提出的更高层次的建模方法表明，家用清洁剂目前比化妆品更重要的暴露源。