The aim of this study was to assess the potential health risk of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at home and kindergarten for pre-school children. The urine samples were taken from 200 pre-school children aged 5–7 years and analyzed for 1-OHP as a biomarker of PAHs. Mixed effect models were applied to investigate the association between effective environmental parameters (mode of transport, distance to major roads, traffic density, greenness, tobacco exposure, home ventilation, and grill foods) and urinary 1-OHP levels. A Monte-Carlo simulation technique was applied to calculate the risk of exposure to PAHs and to check the uncertainty of input variables and the sensitivity of the estimated risk. The median and inter quartile range (IQR) of 1-OHP was 257 (188.5) ng L⁻¹. There was a positive significant association between distance from the kindergartens to the green space with surface area ≥5000 m² and 1-OHP concentration (β = 0.844, 95% CI: 0.223, 1.46, P-value = 0.009). Also, urinary 1-OHP was found to be inversely associated with the time the window was open at the home (β = −12.56, 95% CI: −23.52, −1.596, P-value = 0.025) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in a 100 m buffer around the homes. The mean (9.76 E-3) and 95th percentile (3.28 E-2) of the hazard quotient (HQ) indicated that the concentration of urinary 1-OHP is at a safe level for the target population (HQ < 1). According to the sensitivity analysis results, the concentration of 1-OHP is the most influential variable in the estimated risk. Our findings indicated that the proximity of homes and kindergartens to green space areas and their remoteness from the main streets and heavy traffic areas are associated with reduced exposure to PAHs.

这项研究的目的是评估学龄前儿童在家中和幼儿园暴露于多环芳烃（PAHs）的潜在健康风险。尿液样本取自200名5-7岁的学龄前儿童，并分析了1-OHP作为PAHs的生物标志物。应用混合效应模型研究有效环境参数（运输方式，到主要道路的距离，交通密度，绿色，烟草暴露，家庭通风和烧烤食物）与尿液1-OHP水平之间的关联。应用了蒙特卡罗模拟技术来计算暴露于多环芳烃的风险，并检查输入变量的不确定性和估计风险的敏感性。1-OHP的中位数和四分位数间距（IQR）为257（188.5）ng L ^-1。幼儿园与绿地之间的距离与表面积≥5000m ²呈正显着正相关和1-OHP浓度（β= 0.844，95％CI：0.223，1.46，P值= 0.009）。同样，发现尿中的1-OHP与窗户在家中打开的时间成反比（β= −12.56，95％CI：−23.52，−1.596，P值= 0.025）和归一化植被指数（ NDVI）放在房屋周围100 m的缓冲区中。危险商（HQ）的平均值（9.76 E-3）和95％（3.28 E-2）表明，目标人群的尿中1-OHP浓度处于安全水平（HQ <1）。根据敏感性分析结果，在估计的风险中，1-OHP的浓度是影响最大的变量。我们的研究结果表明，家庭和幼儿园靠近绿色空间区域以及远离主要街道和交通繁忙的区域，都可以减少对PAHs的暴露。