New completely green biofuels with rapeseed oil as the main component were formulated. They not only fulfil the principles of green chemistry and thus do not contain any environmentally harmful additives, but also match the currently valid standards for biodiesel regarding their physicochemical properties. Using a vegetable oil as a fuel component, its major drawbacks, high kinematic viscosity and high freezing point, had to be fixed. It could be shown that the properties of mixtures of rapeseed oil with and without its corresponding fatty acid methyl ester, so-called biodiesel, can be adjusted by several further components. For this purpose, different furan derivatives and terpenes could be used to fulfil the American and European viscosity standards for biodiesel. The furan derivatives stem from sugar and cellulose, whereas terpenes are mainly constituents of essential oils of trees and the peels of citrus plants as well as producible by the bio-transformation of sugarcane. With furan derivatives as further fuel components, the amount of necessary biodiesel could be drastically reduced, and cloud points below −20 °C were obtained. Using terpenes, these conditions could be matched without any biodiesel in the formulations, and cloud points even below −40 °C were achieved. To further characterise these biofuel formulations, ignition, combustion and emission tests were performed on an up-to-date 2.2 L diesel engine using a blend of rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil-based biodiesel and 2-methylfuran. The results showed that the properties of the formulated biofuel were similar to or even better than those of common diesel despite the high requirement profile of modern diesel formulations. Besides improving the relevant physicochemical parameters of the fuel, 2-methylfuran also increased its oxygen content. This enhanced the soot oxidation and therefore led to a complete inhibition of soot emissions. Nevertheless, the main drawback of biofuels in general, slightly higher NO_x emissions than diesel, still remained, which requires a common exhaust gas aftertreatment of diesel engines. In the scope of this paper, the new formulations are discussed with regard to the concept of green and sustainable chemistry.

中文翻译：

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新的完全可再生生物燃料：未经修改的最新柴油发动机的配方和发动机测试

配制了以菜籽油为主要成分的新型完全绿色生物燃料。它们不仅符合绿色化学原理，因此不含任何对环境有害的添加剂，而且在其理化性质方面也符合当前有效的生物柴油标准。使用植物油作为燃料成分，必须解决其主要缺点，高运动粘度和高凝固点。可以证明，菜籽油有和没有其相应的脂肪酸甲酯的混合物的性能，所谓的生物柴油，可以通过其他几种组分来调节。为此，可以使用不同的呋喃衍生物和萜烯来满足美国和欧洲生物柴油的粘度标准。呋喃衍生物来源于糖和纤维素，萜烯主要是树木和柑橘类植物皮的香精油的成分，并且可以通过甘蔗的生物转化来生产。使用呋喃衍生物作为进一步的燃料成分，可以大大减少所需生物柴油的量，并获得低于-20°C的浊点。使用萜烯，可以在配方中不使用任何生物柴油的情况下满足这些条件，并且达到甚至低于-40°C的浊点。为了进一步表征这些生物燃料配方，使用菜籽油，菜籽油基生物柴油和2-甲基呋喃的混合物对最新的2.2升柴油发动机进行了点火，燃烧和排放测试。结果表明，尽管现代柴油配方的需求量很大，但配制的生物燃料的性能与普通柴油相似或什至优于普通柴油。除了改善燃料的相关理化参数外，2-甲基呋喃还增加了其氧含量。这增强了烟灰的氧化，因此导致烟灰排放的完全抑制。然而，一般而言，生物燃料的主要缺点是NO含量略高_x排放量仍比柴油还高，这需要对柴油机进行常见的废气后处理。在本文的范围内，讨论了有关绿色和可持续化学概念的新配方。