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Microbialite Accretion and Growth: Lessons from Shark Bay and the Bahamas Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-17 R. Pamela Reid, Erica P. Suosaari, Amanda M. Oehlert, Clément G.L. Pollier, Christophe Dupraz
Microbialites provide geological evidence of one of Earth's oldest ecosystems, potentially recording long-standing interactions between coevolving life and the environment. Here, we focus on microbialite accretion and growth and consider how environmental and microbial forces that characterize living ecosystems in Shark Bay and the Bahamas interact to form an initial microbialite architecture, which
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Life in the Midwater: The Ecology of Deep Pelagic Animals Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-17 Steven H.D. Haddock, C. Anela Choy
The water column of the deep ocean is dark, cold, low in food, and under crushing pressures, yet it is full of diverse life. Due to its enormous volume, this mesopelagic zone is home to some of the most abundant animals on the planet. Rather than struggling to survive, they thrive—owing to a broad set of adaptations for feeding, behavior, and physiology. Our understanding of these adaptations is constrained
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The Four-Dimensional Carbon Cycle of the Southern Ocean Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-22 Alison R. Gray
The Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in the global carbon cycle, dominating the oceanic uptake of heat and carbon added by anthropogenic activities and modulating atmospheric carbon concentrations in past, present, and future climates. However, the remote and extreme conditions found there make the Southern Ocean perpetually one of the most difficult places on the planet to observe and to model
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Metal Organic Complexation in Seawater: Historical Background and Future Directions Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-19 James W. Moffett, Rene M. Boiteau
The speciation of most biologically active trace metals in seawater is dominated by complexation by organic ligands. This review traces the history of work in this area, from the early observations that showed surprisingly poor recoveries using metal preconcentration protocols to the present day, where advances in mass spectroscopy and stable isotope geochemistry are providing new insights into the
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Climate, Oxygen, and the Future of Marine Biodiversity Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 Curtis Deutsch, Justin L. Penn, Noelle Lucey
The ocean enabled the diversification of life on Earth by adding O2 to the atmosphere, yet marine species remain most subject to O2 limitation. Human industrialization is intensifying the aerobic challenges to marine ecosystems by depleting the ocean's O2 inventory through the global addition of heat and local addition of nutrients. Historical observations reveal an ∼2% decline in upper-ocean O2 and
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Combined Use of Short-Lived Radionuclides (234Th and 210Po) as Tracers of Sinking Particles in the Ocean Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 Montserrat Roca-Martí, Viena Puigcorbé
Radionuclides can provide key information on the temporal dimension of environmental processes, given their well-known rates of radioactive decay and production. Naturally occurring radionuclides, such as 234Th and 210Po, have been used as powerful particle tracers in the marine environment to study particle cycling and vertical export. Since their application to quantify the magnitude of particulate
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Using the Fossil Record to Understand Extinction Risk and Inform Marine Conservation in a Changing World Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-08 Seth Finnegan, Paul G. Harnik, Rowan Lockwood, Heike K. Lotze, Loren McClenachan, Sara S. Kahanamoku
Understanding the long-term effects of ongoing global environmental change on marine ecosystems requires a cross-disciplinary approach. Deep-time and recent fossil records can contribute by identifying traits and environmental conditions associated with elevated extinction risk during analogous events in the geologic past and by providing baseline data that can be used to assess historical change and
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Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Foundation Species Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-08 Thomas Wernberg, Mads S. Thomsen, Julia K. Baum, Melanie J. Bishop, John F. Bruno, Melinda A. Coleman, Karen Filbee-Dexter, Karine Gagnon, Qiang He, Daniel Murdiyarso, Kerrylee Rogers, Brian R. Silliman, Dan A. Smale, Samuel Starko, Mathew A. Vanderklift
Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems, providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as many ecosystem services. However, climate change poses a significant threat to foundation species and the ecosystems they support. We review the impacts of climate change on common marine foundation species, including
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A Life Outside Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-05 M.A.R. Koehl
How do the morphologies of organisms affect their physical interactions with the environment and other organisms? My research in marine systems couples field studies of the physical habitats, life history strategies, and ecological interactions of organisms with laboratory analyses of their biomechanics. Here, I review how we pursued answers to three questions about marine organisms: ( a) how benthic
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The Physical Oceanography of Ice-Covered Moons Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-05 Krista M. Soderlund, Marc Rovira-Navarro, Michael Le Bars, Britney E. Schmidt, Theo Gerkema
In the outer solar system, a growing number of giant planet satellites are now known to be abodes for global oceans hidden below an outer layer of ice. These planetary oceans are a natural laboratory for studying physical oceanographic processes in settings that challenge traditional assumptions made for Earth's oceans. While some driving mechanisms are common to both systems, such as buoyancy-driven
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Phaeocystis: A Global Enigma Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Walker O. Smith, Scarlett Trimborn
The genus Phaeocystis is globally distributed, with blooms commonly occurring on continental shelves. This unusual phytoplankter has two major morphologies: solitary cells and cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Only colonies form blooms. Their large size (commonly 2 mm but up to 3 cm) and mucilaginous envelope allow the colonies to escape predation, but data are inconsistent as to whether colonies
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Viruses in Marine Invertebrate Holobionts: Complex Interactions Between Phages and Bacterial Symbionts Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Kun Zhou, Ting Zhang, Xiao-Wei Chen, Ying Xu, Rui Zhang, Pei-Yuan Qian
Marine invertebrates are ecologically and economically important and have formed holobionts by evolving symbiotic relationships with cellular and acellular microorganisms that reside in and on their tissues. In recent decades, significant focus on symbiotic cellular microorganisms has led to the discovery of various functions and a considerable expansion of our knowledge of holobiont functions. Despite
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Designing More Informative Multiple-Driver Experiments Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-25 Mridul K. Thomas, Ravi Ranjan
For decades, multiple-driver/stressor research has examined interactions among drivers that will undergo large changes in the future: temperature, pH, nutrients, oxygen, pathogens, and more. However, the most commonly used experimental designs—present-versus-future and ANOVA—fail to contribute to general understanding or predictive power. Linking experimental design to process-based mathematical models
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The Evolution, Assembly, and Dynamics of Marine Holobionts Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-08 Raúl A. González-Pech, Vivian Y. Li, Vanessa Garcia, Elizabeth Boville, Marta Mammone, Hiroaki Kitano, Kim B. Ritchie, Mónica Medina
The holobiont concept (i.e., multiple living beings in close symbiosis with one another and functioning as a unit) is revolutionizing our understanding of biology, especially in marine systems. The earliest marine holobiont was likely a syntrophic partnership of at least two prokaryotic members. Since then, symbiosis has enabled marine organisms to conquer all ocean habitats through the formation of
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Hidden Threat: The Influence of Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Groundwater and the Convergence of Impacts on Municipal Infrastructure Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 Shellie Habel, Charles H. Fletcher, Matthew M. Barbee, Kyrstin L. Fornace
Sea-level rise (SLR) is influencing coastal groundwater by both elevating the water table and shifting salinity profiles landward, making the subsurface increasingly corrosive. Low-lying coastal municipalities worldwide (potentially 1,546, according to preliminary analysis) are vulnerable to an array of impacts spurred by these phenomena, which can occur decades before SLR-induced surface inundation
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The Global Turbidity Current Pump and Its Implications for Organic Carbon Cycling Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-25 Peter J. Talling, Sophie Hage, Megan L. Baker, Thomas S. Bianchi, Robert G. Hilton, Katherine L. Maier
Submarine turbidity currents form the largest sediment accumulations on Earth, raising the question of their role in global carbon cycles. It was previously inferred that terrestrial organic carbon was primarily incinerated on shelves and that most turbidity current systems are presently inactive. Turbidity currents were thus not considered in global carbon cycles, and the burial efficiency of global
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The Microbial Ecology of Estuarine Ecosystems Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-07 Byron C. Crump, Jennifer L. Bowen
Human civilization relies on estuaries, and many estuarine ecosystem services are provided by microbial communities. These services include high rates of primary production that nourish harvests of commercially valuable species through fisheries and aquaculture, the transformation of terrestrial and anthropogenic materials to help ensure the water quality necessary to support recreation and tourism
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Modeling the Vertical Flux of Organic Carbon in the Global Ocean Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-07 Adrian B. Burd
The oceans play a fundamental role in the global carbon cycle, providing a sink for atmospheric carbon. Key to this role is the vertical transport of organic carbon from the surface to the deep ocean. This transport is a product of a diverse range of physical and biogeochemical processes that determine the formation and fate of this material, and in particular how much carbon is sequestered in the
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Welcoming More Participation in Open Data Science for the Oceans Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-07 Alexa L. Fredston, Julia S. Stewart Lowndes
Open science is a global movement happening across all research fields. Enabled by technology and the open web, it builds on years of efforts by individuals, grassroots organizations, institutions, and agencies. The goal is to share knowledge and broaden participation in science, from early ideation to making research outputs openly accessible to all (open access). With an emphasis on transparency
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Predation in a Microbial World: Mechanisms and Trade-Offs of Flagellate Foraging Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-27 Thomas Kiørboe
Heterotrophic nanoflagellates are the main consumers of bacteria and picophytoplankton in the ocean and thus play a key role in ocean biogeochemistry. They are found in all major branches of the eukaryotic tree of life but are united by all being equipped with one or a few flagella that they use to generate a feeding current. These microbial predators are faced with the challenges that viscosity at
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Neutral Theory and Plankton Biodiversity Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-27 Michael J. Behrenfeld, Kelsey M. Bisson
The biodiversity of the plankton has been interpreted largely through the monocle of competition. The spatial distancing of phytoplankton in nature is so large that cell boundary layers rarely overlap, undermining opportunities for resource-based competitive exclusion. Neutral theory accounts for biodiversity patterns based purely on random birth, death, immigration, and speciation events and has commonly
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The Impact of Fine-Scale Currents on Biogeochemical Cycles in a Changing Ocean Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-23 Marina Lévy, Damien Couespel, Clément Haëck, M.G. Keerthi, Inès Mangolte, Channing J. Prend
Fine-scale currents, O(1–100 km, days–months), are actively involved in the transport and transformation of biogeochemical tracers in the ocean. However, their overall impact on large-scale biogeochemical cycling on the timescale of years remains poorly understood due to the multiscale nature of the problem. Here, we summarize these impacts and critically review current estimates. We examine how eddy
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Marine Transgression in Modern Times Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-20 Christopher J. Hein, Matthew L. Kirwan
Marine transgression associated with rising sea levels causes coastal erosion, landscape transitions, and displacement of human populations globally. This process takes two general forms. Along open-ocean coasts, active transgression occurs when sediment-delivery rates are unable to keep pace with accommodation creation, leading to wave-driven erosion and/or landward translation of coastal landforms
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Modes and Mechanisms of Pacific Decadal-Scale Variability Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-15 E. Di Lorenzo, T. Xu, Y. Zhao, M. Newman, A. Capotondi, S. Stevenson, D.J. Amaya, B.T. Anderson, R. Ding, J.C. Furtado, Y. Joh, G. Liguori, J. Lou, A.J. Miller, G. Navarra, N. Schneider, D.J. Vimont, S. Wu, H. Zhang
The modes of Pacific decadal-scale variability (PDV), traditionally defined as statistical patterns of variance, reflect to first order the ocean's integration (i.e., reddening) of atmospheric forcing that arises from both a shift and a change in strength of the climatological (time-mean) atmospheric circulation. While these patterns concisely describe PDV, they do not distinguish among the key dynamical
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Microbial Interactions with Dissolved Organic Matter Are Central to Coral Reef Ecosystem Function and Resilience Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-13 Craig E. Nelson, Linda Wegley Kelly, Andreas F. Haas
To thrive in nutrient-poor waters, coral reefs must retain and recycle materials efficiently. This review centers microbial processes in facilitating the persistence and stability of coral reefs, specifically the role of these processes in transforming and recycling the dissolved organic matter (DOM) that acts as an invisible currency in reef production, nutrient exchange, and organismal interactions
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Novel Insights into Marine Iron Biogeochemistry from Iron Isotopes Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-13 Jessica N. Fitzsimmons, Tim M. Conway
The micronutrient iron plays a major role in setting the magnitude and distribution of primary production across the global ocean. As such, an understanding of the sources, sinks, and internal cycling processes that drive the oceanic distribution of iron is key to unlocking iron's role in the global carbon cycle and climate, both today and in the geologic past. Iron isotopic analyses of seawater have
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Quantifying the Ocean's Biological Pump and Its Carbon Cycle Impacts on Global Scales Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-07 David A. Siegel, Timothy DeVries, Ivona Cetinić, Kelsey M. Bisson
The biological pump transports organic matter, created by phytoplankton productivity in the well-lit surface ocean, to the ocean's dark interior, where it is consumed by animals and heterotrophic microbes and remineralized back to inorganic forms. This downward transport of organic matter sequesters carbon dioxide from exchange with the atmosphere on timescales of months to millennia, depending on
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Carbon Export in the Ocean: A Biologist's Perspective Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-03 Morten H. Iversen
Understanding the nature of organic matter flux in the ocean remains a major goal of oceanography because it impacts some of the most important processes in the ocean. Sinking particles are important for carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere and its movement to the deep ocean. They also feed life below the ocean's productive surface and sustain life in the deep sea, in addition to depositing organic
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Nuclear Reprocessing Tracers Illuminate Flow Features and Connectivity Between the Arctic and Subpolar North Atlantic Oceans Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-03 Núria Casacuberta, John N. Smith
Releases of anthropogenic radionuclides from European nuclear fuel reprocessing plants enter the surface circulation of the high-latitude North Atlantic and are transported northward into the Arctic Ocean and southward from the Nordic Seas into the deep North Atlantic, thereby providing tracers of water circulation, mixing, ventilation, and deep-water formation. Early tracer studies focused on 137Cs
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Rhythms and Clocks in Marine Organisms Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-27 N. Sören Häfker, Gabriele Andreatta, Alessandro Manzotti, Angela Falciatore, Florian Raible, Kristin Tessmar-Raible
The regular movements of waves and tides are obvious representations of the oceans’ rhythmicity. But the rhythms of marine life span across ecological niches and timescales, including short (in the range of hours) and long (in the range of days and months) periods. These rhythms regulate the physiology and behavior of individuals, as well as their interactions with each other and with the environment
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From Stamps to Parabolas Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-27 S. George Philander
I am a child of Sputnik, the satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. That event created opportunities for me to escape the horrors of apartheid by emigrating from South Africa to the United States. There, fortuitously, I was given excellent opportunities to explore how an interplay between the waves and currents influences climate variability, from interannual El Niño events to millennial ice
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Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-17 Kathryn E. Smith, Michael T. Burrows, Alistair J. Hobday, Nathan G. King, Pippa J. Moore, Alex Sen Gupta, Mads S. Thomsen, Thomas Wernberg, Dan A. Smale
Climatic extremes are becoming increasingly common against a background trend of global warming. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs)—discrete periods of anomalously warm water—have intensified and become more frequent over the past century, impacting the integrity of marine ecosystems globally. We review and synthesize current understanding of MHW impacts at the individual, population, and community
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Insights from Fossil-Bound Nitrogen Isotopes in Diatoms, Foraminifera, and Corals Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-17 Rebecca S. Robinson, Sandi M. Smart, Jonathan D. Cybulski, Kelton W. McMahon, Basia Marcks, Catherine Nowakowski
Nitrogen is a major limiting element for biological productivity, and thus understanding past variations in nitrogen cycling is central to understanding past and future ocean biogeochemical cycling, global climate cycles, and biodiversity. Organic nitrogen encapsulated in fossil biominerals is generally protected from alteration, making it an important archive of the marine nitrogen cycle on seasonal
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The Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-17 Mary-Louise Timmermans, John M. Toole
The Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre is a dominant feature of the Arctic system, a prominent indicator of climate change, and possibly a control factor for high-latitude climate. The state of knowledge of the wind-driven Beaufort Gyre is reviewed here, including its forcing, relationship to sea-ice cover, source waters, circulation, and energetics. Recent decades have seen pronounced change in all elements
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Exchange of Plankton, Pollutants, and Particles Across the Nearshore Region Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-17 Melissa Moulton, Sutara H. Suanda, Jessica C. Garwood, Nirnimesh Kumar, Melanie R. Fewings, James M. Pringle
Exchange of material across the nearshore region, extending from the shoreline to a few kilometers offshore, determines the concentrations of pathogens and nutrients near the coast and the transport of larvae, whose cross-shore positions influence dispersal and recruitment. Here, we describe a framework for estimating the relative importance of cross-shore exchange mechanisms, including winds, Stokes
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Gender Equity in Oceanography Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-25 Sonya Legg, Caixia Wang, Ellen Kappel, LuAnne Thompson
Gender equity, providing for full participation of people of all genders in the oceanographic workforce, is an important goal for the continued success of the oceanographic enterprise. Here, we describe historical obstructions to gender equity; assess recent progress and the current status of gender equity in oceanography by examining quantitative measures of participation, achievement, and recognition;
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Lipid Biogeochemistry and Modern Lipidomic Techniques Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-25 Bethanie R. Edwards
Lipids are structurally diverse biomolecules that serve multiple roles in cells. As such, they are used as biomarkers in the modern ocean and as paleoproxies to explore the geological past. Here, I review lipid geochemistry, biosynthesis, and compartmentalization; the varied uses of lipids as biomarkers; and the evolution of analytical techniques used to measure and characterize lipids. Advancements
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Marshes and Mangroves as Nature-Based Coastal Storm Buffers Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Stijn Temmerman, Erik M. Horstman, Ken W. Krauss, Julia C. Mullarney, Ignace Pelckmans, Ken Schoutens
Tidal marshes and mangroves are increasingly valued for nature-based mitigation of coastal storm impacts, such as flooding and shoreline erosion hazards, which are growing due to global change. As this review highlights, however, hazard mitigation by tidal wetlands is limited to certain conditions, and not all hazards are equally reduced. Tidal wetlands are effective in attenuating short-period storm-induced
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Sociotechnical Considerations About Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Sarah R. Cooley, Sonja Klinsky, David R. Morrow, Terre Satterfield
Ocean carbon dioxide removal (OCDR) is rapidly attracting interest, as climate change is putting ecosystems at risk and endangering human communities globally. Due to the centrality of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, augmenting the carbon sequestration capacity of the ocean could be a powerful mechanism for the removal of legacy excess emissions. However, OCDR requires careful assessment due
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Climate Change Impacts on Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Steven J. Bograd, Michael G. Jacox, Elliott L. Hazen, Elisa Lovecchio, Ivonne Montes, Mercedes Pozo Buil, Lynne J. Shannon, William J. Sydeman, Ryan R. Rykaczewski
The world's eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) contribute disproportionately to global ocean productivity and provide critical ecosystem services to human society. The impact of climate change on EBUSs and the ecosystems they support is thus a subject of considerable interest. Here, we review hypotheses of climate-driven change in the physics, biogeochemistry, and ecology of EBUSs; describe
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Prokaryotic Life in the Deep Ocean's Water Column Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-14 Gerhard J. Herndl, Barbara Bayer, Federico Baltar, Thomas Reinthaler
The oceanic waters below a depth of 200 m represent, in terms of volume, the largest habitat of the biosphere, harboring approximately 70% of the prokaryotic biomass in the oceanic water column. These waters are characterized by low temperature, increasing hydrostatic pressure, and decreasing organic matter supply with depth. Recent methodological advances in microbial oceanography have refined our
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Oil Transport Following theDeepwater HorizonBlowout Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Michel C. Boufadel, Tamay Özgökmen, Scott A. Socolofsky, Vassiliki H. Kourafalou, Ruixue Liu, Kenneth Lee
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 was the largest in US history, covering more than 1,000 km of shorelines and causing losses that exceeded $50 billion. While oil transformation processes are understood at the laboratory scale, the extent of the Deepwater Horizon spill made it challenging to integrate these processes in the field. This review tracks the Deepwater Horizon
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Global Fisheries Science Documents Human Impacts on Oceans: The Sea Around Us Serves Civil Society in the Twenty-First Century Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Dirk Zeller, Maria L.D. Palomares, Daniel Pauly
Fishing provides the world with an important component of its food supply, but it also negatively impacts the biodiversity of marine and freshwater ecosystems, especially when industrial fishing is involved. To mitigate these impacts, civil society needs access to fisheries data (i.e., catches and catch-derived indicators of these impacts). Such data, however, must be more comprehensive than the official
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Global Quaternary Carbonate Burial: Proxy- and Model-Based Reconstructions and Persisting Uncertainties Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Madison Wood, Christopher T. Hayes, Adina Paytan
Constraining rates of marine carbonate burial through geologic time is critical for interpreting reconstructed changes in ocean chemistry and understanding feedbacks and interactions between Earth's carbon cycle and climate. The Quaternary Period (the past 2.6 million years) is of particular interest due to dramatic variations in sea level that periodically exposed and flooded areas of carbonate accumulation
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Modeling the Morphodynamics of Coastal Responses to Extreme Events: What Shape Are We In? Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Christopher R. Sherwood, Ap van Dongeren, James Doyle, Christie A. Hegermiller, Tian-Jian Hsu, Tarandeep S. Kalra, Maitane Olabarrieta, Allison M. Penko, Yashar Rafati, Dano Roelvink, Marlies van der Lugt, Jay Veeramony, John C. Warner
This review focuses on recent advances in process-based numerical models of the impact of extreme storms on sandy coasts. Driven by larger-scale models of meteorology and hydrodynamics, these models simulate morphodynamics across the Sallenger storm-impact scale, including swash,collision, overwash, and inundation. Models are becoming both wider (as more processes are added) and deeper (as detailed
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Aquatic Eddy Covariance: The Method and Its Contributions to Defining Oxygen and Carbon Fluxes in Marine Environments Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Peter Berg, Markus Huettel, Ronnie N. Glud, Clare E. Reimers, Karl M. Attard
Aquatic eddy covariance (AEC) is increasingly being used to study benthic oxygen (O2) flux dynamics, organic carbon cycling, and ecosystem health in marine and freshwater environments. Because it is a noninvasive technique, has a high temporal resolution (∼15 min), and integrates over a large area of the seafloor (typically 10–100 m2), it has provided new insights on the functioning of aquatic ecosystems
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Ventilation of the Southern Ocean Pycnocline Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Adele K. Morrison, Darryn W. Waugh, Andrew McC. Hogg, Daniel C. Jones, Ryan P. Abernathey
Ocean ventilation is the transfer of tracers and young water from the surface down into the ocean interior. The tracers that can be transported to depth include anthropogenic heat and carbon, both of which are critical to understanding future climate trajectories. Ventilation occurs in both high- and midlatitude regions, but it is the southern midlatitudes that are responsible for the largest fraction
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Argo—Two Decades: Global Oceanography, Revolutionized Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Gregory C. Johnson, Shigeki Hosoda, Steven R. Jayne, Peter R. Oke, Stephen C. Riser, Dean Roemmich, Tohsio Suga, Virginie Thierry, Susan E. Wijffels, Jianping Xu
Argo, an international, global observational array of nearly 4,000 autonomous robotic profiling floats, each measuring ocean temperature and salinity from 0 to 2,000 m on nominal 10-day cycles, has revolutionized physical oceanography. Argo started at the turn of the millennium,growing out of advances in float technology over the previous several decades. After two decades, with well over 2 million
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Organic Matter Supply and Utilization in Oxygen Minimum Zones Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Anja Engel, Rainer Kiko, Marcus Dengler
Organic matter (OM) plays a significant role in the formation of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) and associated biogeochemical cycling. OM supply processes to the OMZ include physical transport, particle formation, and sinking as well as active transport by migrating zooplankton and nekton. In addition to the availability of oxygen and other electron acceptors, the remineralization rate of OM is controlled
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The History of Ocean Oxygenation Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Christopher T. Reinhard, Noah J. Planavsky
The large-scale dynamics of ocean oxygenation have changed dramatically throughout Earth's history, in step with major changes in the abundance of O2 in the atmosphere and changes to marine nutrient availability. A comprehensive mechanistic understanding of this history requires insights from oceanography, marine geology, geochemistry, geomicrobiology, evolutionary ecology, and Earth system modeling
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Earth, Wind, Fire, and Pollution: Aerosol Nutrient Sources and Impacts on Ocean Biogeochemistry Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Douglas S. Hamilton, Morgane M.G. Perron, Tami C. Bond, Andrew R. Bowie, Rebecca R. Buchholz, Cecile Guieu, Akinori Ito, Willy Maenhaut, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Nazlı Olgun, Sagar D. Rathod, Kerstin Schepanski, Alessandro Tagliabue, Robert Wagner, Natalie M. Mahowald
A key Earth system science question is the role of atmospheric deposition in supplying vital nutrients to the phytoplankton that form the base of marine food webs. Industrial and vehicular pollution, wildfires, volcanoes, biogenic debris, and desert dust all carry nutrients within their plumes throughout the globe. In remote ocean ecosystems, aerosol deposition represents an essential new source of
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Machine Learning for the Study of Plankton and Marine Snow from Images Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Jean-Olivier Irisson, Sakina-Dorothée Ayata, Dhugal J. Lindsay, Lee Karp-Boss, Lars Stemmann
Quantitative imaging instruments produce a large number of images of plankton and marine snow, acquired in a controlled manner, from which the visual characteristics of individual objects and their in situ concentrations can be computed. To exploit this wealth of information, machine learning is necessary to automate tasks such as taxonomic classification. Through a review of the literature, we highlight
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The Physiology and Biogeochemistry of SUP05 Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Robert M. Morris, Rachel L. Spietz
The SUP05 clade of gammaproteobacteria (Thioglobaceae) comprises both primary producers and primary consumers of organic carbon in the oceans. Host-associated autotrophs are a principal source of carbon and other nutrients for deep-sea eukaryotes at hydrothermal vents, and their free-living relatives are a primary source of organic matter in seawater at vents and in marine oxygen minimum zones. Similar
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Temporal and Spatial Signaling Mediating the Balance of the Plankton Microbiome Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Yun Deng, Marine Vallet, Georg Pohnert
The annual patterns of plankton succession in the ocean determine ecological and biogeochemical cycles. The temporally fluctuating interplay between photosynthetic eukaryotes and the associated microbiota balances the composition of aquatic planktonic ecosystems. In addition to nutrients and abiotic factors, chemical signaling determines the outcome of interactions between phytoplankton and their associated
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Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence to Determine the Fate of Photons Absorbed by Phytoplankton in the World's Oceans Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Maxim Y. Gorbunov, Paul G. Falkowski
Approximately 45% of the photosynthetically fixed carbon on Earth occurs in the oceans in phytoplankton, which account for less than 1% of the world's photosynthetic biomass. This amazing empirical observation implies a very high photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency, but how efficiently is the solar energy actually used? The photon energy budget of photosynthesis can be divided into three terms:
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The Enzymology of Ocean Global Change Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 David A. Hutchins, Sergio A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy
A small subset of marine microbial enzymes and surface transporters have a disproportionately important influence on the cycling of carbon and nutrients in the global ocean. As a result, they largely determine marine biological productivity and have been the focus of considerable research attention from microbial oceanographers. Like all biological catalysts, the activity of these keystone biomolecules
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Environmental DNA Metabarcoding: A Novel Method for Biodiversity Monitoring of Marine Fish Communities Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Masaki Miya
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is genetic material that has been shed from macroorganisms. It has received increased attention as an indirect marker for biodiversity monitoring. This article reviews the current status of eDNA metabarcoding (simultaneous detection of multiple species) as a noninvasive and cost-effective approach for monitoring marine fish communities and discusses the prospects for this growing
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The Functional and Ecological Significance of Deep Diving by Large Marine Predators Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Camrin D. Braun, Martin C. Arostegui, Simon R. Thorrold, Yannis P. Papastamatiou, Peter Gaube, Jorge Fontes, Pedro Afonso
Many large marine predators make excursions from surface waters to the deep ocean below 200 m. Moreover, the ability to access meso- and bathypelagic habitats has evolved independently across marine mammals, reptiles, birds, teleost fishes, and elasmobranchs. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests a number of plausible functional hypotheses for deep-diving behavior. Developing ways to test among
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The Biological Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Marine Environment Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Marica Mezzelani, Francesco Regoli
Environmental pharmaceuticals represent a threat of emerging concern for marine ecosystems. Widely distributed and bioaccumulated, these contaminants could provoke adverse effects on aquatic organisms through modes of action like those reported for target species. In contrast to pharmacological uses, organisms in field conditions are exposed to complex mixtures of compounds with similar, different
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Ecological Leverage Points: Species Interactions Amplify the Physiological Effects of Global Environmental Change in the Ocean Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. (IF 17.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-03 Kristy J. Kroeker, Eric Sanford
Marine ecosystems are increasingly impacted by global environmental changes, including warming temperatures, deoxygenation, and ocean acidification. Marine scientists recognize intuitively that these environmental changes are translated into community changes via organismal physiology. However, physiology remains a black box in many ecological studies, and coexisting species in a community are often