Calcium and magnesium ions are the major components of scaling in different water sources, especially seawater. Calcium and magnesium scale causes problems in various industrial operations such as reverse osmosis unit, heating unit of multi-stage flash distillation, concentration operation of copper-molybdenum mining industry, cooling water system of power generation industry, and water injection operation of oil and gas production. In general terms, scaling affects the operation performance that leads to increased production, as well as maintenance costs. The pH control, scale inhibitors, and nanofiltration membrane have been implemented by industrial operations to control scale. However, the drawbacks of these technologies may force to seek alternative technologies which could be potential alternatives for scale control.

This paper discusses the problems of calcium and magnesium scale affecting various industrial operations when seawater is used. It presents current technologies for scale control such as pH control, scale inhibitors, and nanofiltration. Moreover, the technology assessment (TA) was made to evaluate existing and emerging scale control approaches in the case of reverse osmosis (RO) process. The identification of the emerging technologies of scale control has been performed using bibliometric analysis. The comparison of the technologies was made using House of Quality (HOQ) matrix. The identified emerging technologies are: bioelectrochemical system, biomineralization, biosorbent, microbial desalination cells, step by step deposition and extraction technique, carbon dioxide as a precipitator, gas hydrate, ultrasonic crystallization, and capacitive deionization. The comparison of the technologies has shown that nanofiltration, as a common technology, could be an appropriate approach to ensure feasibility and efficiency of RO process, while emerging technology, microbial desalination cells, could become a potential alternative in the future.

钙和镁离子是不同水源（尤其是海水）中水垢的主要成分。钙镁垢会在各种工业操作中引起问题，例如反渗透装置，多级闪蒸的加热装置，铜钼采矿业的浓缩作业，发电业的冷却水系统以及油气的注水作业生产。一般而言，缩放会影响操作性能，从而导致产量增加以及维护成本增加。pH控制，水垢抑制剂和纳滤膜已通过工业操作来控制水垢。但是，这些技术的缺点可能迫使寻找替代技术，这些技术可能是规模控制的潜在替代方法。

本文讨论了使用海水时钙和镁垢影响各种工业生产的问题。它介绍了用于水垢控制的当前技术，例如pH控制，水垢抑制剂和纳滤。此外，进行了技术评估（TA），以评估反渗透（RO）过程中现有和新兴的规模控制方法。已经使用文献计量分析对规模控制的新兴技术进行了识别。使用“质量屋”（HOQ）矩阵对技术进行了比较。已确定的新兴技术包括：生物电化学系统，生物矿化，生物吸附剂，微生物脱盐池，逐步沉积和提取技术，二氧化碳作为沉淀剂，气体水合物，超声结晶，和电容去离子。对这些技术的比较表明，纳滤作为一种通用技术，可能是确保反渗透工艺可行性和效率的合适方法，而新兴技术，微生物脱盐池可能会在将来成为潜在的替代方法。