Since their development over 70 years, antibiotics are still the most effective strategy to treat bacterial biofilms and infections. However, the overuse of antibiotics in human healthcare and industrial applications has resulted in the development of serious antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, alternative ways to prevent bacteria attachment and biofilm formation are urgently needed. Recently, mediated biofilm formation processes and smart antibacterial surfaces have emerged as promising strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections. This review discusses the recent progress in biofilm interference and smart antibacterial surfaces. Smart antibacterial and anti-biofilm surfaces should be responsive to the bacterial infection environment, switchable between various antibacterial functions and have a special bio-inspired structure and function. The major topics discussed are: (i) smart anti-biofilm surfaces via the prevention of biofilm formation or promoting mature biofilm dissolution, (ii) smart materials for reversible killing and/or release of bacteria, (iii) smart surfaces responsive to bacterial infection microenvironments or external stimuli and (iv) bio-inspired surfaces with antifouling and bactericidal properties.

中文翻译：

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智能抗菌表面抑制生物膜形成和细菌感染的最新进展

自从70多年来的发展以来，抗生素仍然是治疗细菌生物膜和感染的最有效策略。然而，抗生素在人类医疗保健和工业应用中的过度使用导致了严重的抗生素抗性细菌的发展。因此，迫切需要防止细菌附着和生物膜形成的替代方法。最近，介导的生物膜形成过程和智能的抗菌表面已成为预防和治疗细菌感染的有前途的策略。这篇评论讨论了生物膜干扰和智能抗菌表面的最新进展。智能的抗菌和生物膜表面应对细菌感染环境有反应，可在各种抗菌功能之间切换，并具有受生物启发的特殊结构和功能。讨论的主要主题是：（i）智能抗生物膜表面通过防止生物膜形成或促进成熟的生物膜溶解，（ii）用于可逆地杀死和/或释放细菌的智能材料，（iii）对细菌感染微环境或外部刺激有反应的智能表面，以及（iv）具有防污功能的受生物启发的表面和杀菌特性。