The most essential prerequisite for the hydrogen economy is sustainable hydrogen production. The electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction is a well-studied electrochemical reaction which involves the reduction of protons for hydrogen production. It requires highly efficient and robust catalysts to lower the overpotential and energy consumption. Platinum (Pt) remains the first choice among electrocatalysts because of its excellent activity and high current density. Since Pt is limited by its high cost and scarcity, extensive research is devoted for the development of non-Pt-based cost-effective electrocatalysts. According to the volcano plot, palladium (Pd) can be used as a substitute for Pt towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we review various Pd-based electrocatalysts in the form of nanoparticles, alloys, bimetallics and intermetallics reported for the HER. In this review we have emphasized various synthesis techniques employed for these electrocatalysts and the strategies used for improving the catalytic performance. We conclude with a perspective on the future aspects of electrocatalysts based on Pd.

中文翻译：

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氢气析出反应用钯基电催化剂的概述

氢经济的最基本前提是可持续的氢生产。电化学氢放出反应是一种经过充分研究的电化学反应，其中涉及减少用于氢生产的质子。它需要高效且坚固的催化剂，以降低过电势和能耗。铂（Pt）由于其出色的活性和高电流密度而仍然是电催化剂中的首选。由于Pt受到其高成本和稀缺性的限制，因此广泛的研究致力于开发非基于Pt的具有成本效益的电催化剂。根据火山图，可将钯（Pd）用作氢生成反应（HER）的Pt替代品。在此，我们以纳米粒子，合金，HER报道了双金属和金属间化合物。在这篇综述中，我们着重介绍了用于这些电催化剂的各种合成技术以及用于改善催化性能的策略。我们以对基于Pd的电催化剂的未来方面的展望作为结束。