The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins and methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from water buffalo milk and dairy products. A total of 200 samples (100 raw milk, 50 clotted cream, and 50 cheese samples) was collected from different dairy farms and smallholders in Samsun, Turkey. All samples were analyzed using the standard procedure EN ISO 6888-1 and isolates were confirmed for the presence of the target 16S rRNA specific for Staphylococcus genus specific and nuc gene specific for S. aureus species by PCR. S. aureus was identified in 30 of 100 milk (30%), 9 of 50 clotted cream (18%), and 17 of 50 cheese (34%) samples. A total of 99 isolates was confirmed as S. aureus. Genotypic methicillin resistance was evaluated using PCR for the mecA gene. Out of 99 isolates, nine (9%) were found to be methicillin resistant (mecA gene positive). Twelve out of 99 (12%) S. aureus isolates were found positive for one or more genes encoding the enterotoxins. The gene coding for enterotoxin, sea, was the most frequent (five isolates, 41.6%), followed by sec (two isolates, 16.6%), sed (1 isolates, 8.3%) and see (1 isolate, 8.3%). While three isolates (25%) contained both sec and sed, none of the samples was positive for seb. In conclusion, the presence of se gene-positive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus in buffalo milk and products revealed that consumption of these products is a potential risk of foodborne infection in this region. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Enterotoxigenic and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in milk and dairy products is an important public health problem. Especially in traditional dairy products, Staphylococcal enterotoxins may cause food poisoning due to consumption of raw or unpasteurized milk products.

中文翻译：

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水牛乳及乳制品中金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因及甲氧西林耐药性的检测

本研究的目的是分析从水牛奶和乳制品中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌中是否存在编码葡萄球菌肠毒素和甲氧西林耐药性的基因。从土耳其萨姆松的不同奶牛场和小农户共收集了 200 个样品（100 个生牛奶、50 个凝结奶油和 50 个奶酪样品）。使用标准程序 EN ISO 6888-1 分析所有样品，并通过 PCR 确认分离物是否存在对金黄色葡萄球菌属特异性和金黄色葡萄球菌属特异性的目标 16S rRNA。在 100 个牛奶中的 30 个 (30%)、50 个凝结奶油中的 9 个 (18%) 和 50 个奶酪中的 17 个 (34%) 样品中发现了金黄色葡萄球菌。共有99个分离株被确认为金黄色葡萄球菌。使用 PCR 对 mecA 基因评估基因型甲氧西林抗性。在 99 个分离株中，9 人（9%）被发现对甲氧西林有抗药性（mecA 基因阳性）。发现 99 个 (12%) 金黄色葡萄球菌分离株中的 12 个对一种或多种编码肠毒素的基因呈阳性。编码肠毒素 sea 的基因最常见（5 个分离物，41.6%），其次是 sec（2 个分离物，16.6%）、sed（1 个分离物，8.3%）和 see（1 个分离物，8.3%）。虽然三个分离株（25%）同时含有 sec 和 sed，但没有一个样本对 seb 呈阳性。总之，水牛奶和产品中存在 se 基因阳性和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌表明，食用这些产品是该地区食源性感染的潜在风险。实际应用 牛奶和乳制品中的产肠毒素和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA) 是一个重要的公共卫生问题。尤其是在传统乳制品中，