当前位置: X-MOL 学术Atmos. Environ. › 论文详情
Our official English website, www.x-mol.net, welcomes your feedback! (Note: you will need to create a separate account there.)
A review of factors impacting exposure to PM 2.5 , ultrafine particles and black carbon in Asian transport microenvironments
Atmospheric Environment ( IF 5 ) Pub Date : 2018-08-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.046
Prashant Kumar , Allison P. Patton , John L. Durant , H. Christopher Frey

Abstract The World Health Organization estimates 3.7 million deaths in 2012 in low- and middle-income Asian countries due to outdoor air pollution. However, these estimates do not account for the higher exposures of specific particulate matter (PM) components – including fine particles (PM2.5), ultrafine particles (UFP) and black carbon (BC) – typical of transport microenvironments (TMEs). With the rapidly growing number of on-road vehicles in Asia, human exposure to PM is an increasing concern. The aim of this review article is to comprehensively assess studies of PM2.5, UFP, and BC in Asian TMEs in order to better understand the extent of exposure, the underlying factors leading to exposure, and how Asian exposures compare to those found in Europe and the United States of America (USA). The health impacts of exposure to PM2.5, UFP, and BC are described and the key factors that influence personal exposure in TMEs (i.e., walk, cycle, car, and bus) are identified. Instrumentation and measurement methods, exposure modeling techniques, and regulation are reviewed for PM2.5, UFP, and BC. Relatively few studies have been carried out in urban Asian TMEs where PM2.5, UFP, and BC had generally higher concentrations compared to Europe and USA. Based on available data, PM2.5 concentrations while walking were 1.6 and 1.2 times higher in Asian cities (average 42 μg m−3) compared to cities in Europe (26 μg m−3) and the USA (35 μg m−3), respectively. Likewise, average PM2.5 concentrations in car (74 μg m−3) and bus (76 μg m−3) modes in Asian cities were approximately two to three times higher than in Europe and American cities. UFP exposures in Asian cities were twice as high for pedestrians and up to ∼9-times as high in cars than in cities in Europe or the USA. Asian pedestrians were exposed to ∼7-times higher BC concentrations compared with pedestrians in the USA. Stochastic population-based models have yet to be applied widely in Asia but can be used to quantify inter-individual and inter-regional variability in exposures and to assess the contribution of TMEs to total exposures for multiple pollutants. The review also highlights specific gaps in the Asian TME data set that need to be filled since UFP and BC studies were rare as were studies of pedestrian and cyclist exposure.

中文翻译:

亚洲交通微环境中影响PM 2.5、超细颗粒和黑碳暴露因素的综述

摘要 世界卫生组织估计,2012 年亚洲中低收入国家有 370 万人因室外空气污染而死亡。然而,这些估计并没有考虑到特定颗粒物 (PM) 成分的较高暴露——包括细颗粒物 (PM2.5)、超细颗粒物 (UFP) 和黑碳 (BC)——典型的运输微环境 (TME)。随着亚洲道路车辆数量的迅速增加,人类对 PM 的暴露日益受到关注。这篇综述文章的目的是全面评估亚洲 TME 中 PM2.5、UFP 和 BC 的研究,以更好地了解暴露程度、导致暴露的潜在因素,以及亚洲暴露与欧洲暴露的比较和美利坚合众国(USA)。暴露于 PM2.5、UFP、和 BC 进行了描述,并确定了影响 TME 中个人暴露的关键因素(即步行、骑车、汽车和公共汽车)。对 PM2.5、UFP 和 BC 的仪器和测量方法、暴露建模技术和法规进行了审查。在亚洲城市 TME 中进行的研究相对较少,其中 PM2.5、UFP 和 BC 的浓度普遍高于欧洲和美国。根据现有数据,与欧洲(26 μg m-3)和美国(35 μg m-3)城市相比,亚洲城市(平均 42 μg m-3)的 PM2.5 浓度分别高出 1.6 和 1.2 倍, 分别。同样,亚洲城市的汽车 (74 μg m-3) 和公共汽车 (76 μg m-3) 模式的平均 PM2.5 浓度大约是欧洲和美国城市的两到三倍。与欧洲或美国城市相比,亚洲城市的行人 UFP 暴露率是行人的两倍,汽车的 UFP 暴露率高达约 9 倍。与美国行人相比,亚洲行人暴露于 BC 浓度高出约 7 倍。基于随机人群的模型尚未在亚洲广泛应用,但可用于量化个体间和区域间暴露的变异性,并评估 TMEs 对多种污染物总暴露量的贡献。该审查还强调了亚洲 TME 数据集中需要填补的特定空白,因为 UFP 和 BC 研究很少见,行人和骑自行车者暴露的研究也是如此。基于随机人群的模型尚未在亚洲广泛应用,但可用于量化个体间和区域间暴露的变异性,并评估 TMEs 对多种污染物总暴露量的贡献。该审查还强调了亚洲 TME 数据集中需要填补的特定空白,因为 UFP 和 BC 研究很少见,行人和骑自行车者暴露的研究也是如此。基于随机人群的模型尚未在亚洲广泛应用,但可用于量化个体间和区域间暴露的变异性,并评估 TMEs 对多种污染物总暴露量的贡献。该审查还强调了亚洲 TME 数据集中需要填补的特定空白,因为 UFP 和 BC 研究很少见,行人和骑自行车者暴露的研究也是如此。
更新日期:2018-08-01
down
wechat
bug