Direct extraction of photosynthetic electrons from the whole photosynthetic cells such as plant cells or algal cells can be highly efficient and sustainable compared to other approaches based on isolated photosynthetic apparatus such as photosystems I, II, and thylakoid membranes. However, insertion of nanoelectrodes (NEs) into individual cells are time-consuming and unsuitable for scale-up processes. We propose simple and efficient insertion of massively-populated NEs into cell films in which algal cells are densely packed in a monolayer. After stacking the cell film over an NE array, gentle pressing of the stack allows a large number of NEs to be inserted into the cells in the cell film. The NE array was fabricated by metal-assisted chemical etching (MAC-etching) followed by additional steps of wet oxidation and oxide etching. The cell film was prepared by mixing highly concentrated algal cells with alginate hydrogel. Photosynthetic currents of up to 106 nA/cm² was achieved without aid of mediators, and the photosynthetic function was maintained for 6 days after NE array insertion into algal cells.

与基于分离的光合装置（例如光系统I，II和类囊体膜）的其他方法相比，从整个光合细胞（例如植物细胞或藻类细胞）中直接提取光合电子可能是高效且可持续的。但是，将纳米电极（NEs）插入单个电池很费时，并且不适合按比例放大过程。我们提出简单高效的将大量NEs插入细胞膜的方法，其中藻类细胞密集地包裹在单层中。在将细胞膜堆叠在NE阵列上之后，轻压堆叠即可将大量NE插入到细胞膜的细胞中。通过金属辅助化学蚀刻（MAC蚀刻），然后进行湿法氧化和氧化物蚀刻的附加步骤来制造NE阵列。通过将高度浓缩的藻类细胞与藻酸盐水凝胶混合来制备细胞膜。光合电流高达106 nA / cm在不借助介质的情况下达到了²，并且将NE阵列插入藻类细胞后，光合作用功能保持了6天。