Electrodes with a carbon-free architecture impart a sustainable solution by eliminating side reactions. Such designs are required for anode systems, especially for sodium-ion batteries where the capacity contribution from carbon is noticed. Herein, carbon-free TiO₂ is prepared in the monolithic dendritic form via a facile single-step aerosol vapor deposition technique, grown onto a stainless steel current collector. The single crystalline nature of the anatase dendrites explicitly provides detailed crystallographic analysis. Herein, we have realized an escalation of the rutile phase with the existing anatase phase upon cycling, which is depicted as a moiré pattern, while evaluating the structure through TEM studies. As the anode is carbon and binder-free, the overall material is electrochemically active, and hence appreciably improves the volumetric energy-density. Here, we observe a long cycle life of 1000 cycles from the additive-free anatase dendrites with an adequate capacity retention of 85.1%. Therefore, we believe that our single-step fabrication process to procure additive-free monolithic electrodes is a forthcoming paramount technique to produce sodium-ion batteries on mass.

中文翻译：

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可持续的一步法生产无碳TiO ₂阳极和钠离子电池电化学

具有无碳结构的电极可消除副反应，从而提供可持续的解决方案。对于阳极系统，尤其是对于钠离子电池来说，这种设计是必需的，在钠离子电池中，碳的容量贡献很大。在此，无碳的TiO ₂在单片树枝状形式制备通过一种简便的单步气溶胶气相沉积技术，生长在不锈钢集电器上。锐钛矿树突的单晶性质明确提供了详细的晶体学分析。在本文中，我们已经认识到在循环时金红石相与现有的锐钛矿相在循环过程中会逐步升级，并显示为莫尔条纹，同时通过TEM研究对其结构进行评估。由于阳极不含碳和粘合剂，因此整个材料具有电化学活性，因此可显着提高体积能密度。在这里，我们观察到无添加剂的锐钛矿树突状晶体具有1000个循环的长循环寿命，并具有85.1％的足够容量保持率。所以，