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A comparative analysis of the avian skull: Woodpeckers and chickens
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2018-05-02
Jae-Young Jung, Andrei Pissarenko, Nicholas A. Yaraghi, Steven E. Naleway, David Kisailus, Marc A. Meyers, Joanna McKittrick

Woodpeckers peck at trees without any reported brain injury despite undergoing high impact loads. Amongst the adaptations allowing this is a highly functionalized impact-absorption system consisting of the head, beak, tongue and hyoid bone. This study aims to examine the anatomical structure, composition, and mechanical properties of the skull to determine its potential role in energy absorption and dissipation. An acorn woodpecker and a domestic chicken are compared through micro-computed tomography to analyze and compare two- and three-dimensional bone morphometry. Optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are used to identify the structural and chemical components. Nanoindentation reveals mechanical properties along the transverse cross-section, normal to the direction of impact. Results show two different strategies: the skull bone of the woodpecker shows a relatively small but uniform level of closed porosity, a higher degree of mineralization, and a higher cortical to skull bone ratio. Conversely, the chicken skull bone shows a wide range of both open and closed porosity (volume fraction), a lower degree of mineralization, and a lower cortical to skull bone ratio. This structural difference affects the mechanical properties: the skull bones of woodpeckers are slightly stiffer than those of chickens. Furthermore, the Young's modulus of the woodpecker frontal bone is significantly higher than that of the parietal bone. These new findings may be useful to potential engineered design applications, as well as future work to understand how woodpeckers avoid brain injury.



中文翻译:

禽头骨的比较分析:啄木鸟和小鸡

啄木鸟啄树,尽管遭受了高冲击负荷,但没有任何脑损伤的报道。在允许使用的各种适应措施中,有一个高度功能化的冲击吸收系统,该系统由头部,喙,舌头和舌骨组成。这项研究旨在检查颅骨的解剖结构,组成和力学性能,以确定其在能量吸收和耗散中的潜在作用。通过微计算机断层扫描比较橡树啄木鸟和家养鸡,以分析和比较二维和三维骨形态。具有能量色散X射线光谱的光学和扫描电子显微镜用于鉴定结构和化学成分。纳米压痕揭示了沿垂直于冲击方向的横截面的机械性能。结果显示了两种不同的策略:啄木鸟的颅骨显示出相对较小但均匀的封闭孔隙率,较高的矿化度以及较高的皮质与颅骨比例。相反,鸡颅骨显示出大范围的开孔和闭孔(体积分数),较低的矿化度和较低的皮质与颅骨之比。这种结构差异会影响机械性能:啄木鸟的头骨比刚鸡的头骨稍硬。此外,啄木鸟额骨的杨氏模量明显高于顶骨的杨氏模量。这些新发现可能对潜在的工程设计应用程序以及将来了解啄木鸟如何避免脑部损伤的工作很有用。啄木鸟的颅骨显示出相对较小但均匀的闭合孔隙度,较高的矿化度以及较高的皮质与颅骨之比。相反,鸡颅骨显示出大范围的开孔和闭孔(体积分数),较低的矿化度和较低的皮质与颅骨之比。这种结构差异会影响机械性能:啄木鸟的头骨比刚鸡的头骨稍硬。此外,啄木鸟额骨的杨氏模量明显高于顶骨的杨氏模量。这些新发现可能对潜在的工程设计应用程序以及将来了解啄木鸟如何避免脑部损伤的工作很有用。啄木鸟的颅骨显示出相对较小但均匀的闭合孔隙度,较高的矿化度以及较高的皮质与颅骨之比。相反,鸡颅骨显示出大范围的开孔和闭孔(体积分数),较低的矿化度和较低的皮质与颅骨之比。这种结构差异会影响机械性能:啄木鸟的头骨比刚鸡的头骨稍硬。此外,啄木鸟额骨的杨氏模量明显高于顶骨的杨氏模量。这些新发现可能对潜在的工程设计应用程序以及将来了解啄木鸟如何避免脑部损伤的工作很有用。矿化度更高,皮质与颅骨的比例更高。相反,鸡颅骨显示出大范围的开孔和闭孔(体积分数),较低的矿化度和较低的皮质与颅骨之比。这种结构差异会影响机械性能:啄木鸟的头骨比刚鸡的头骨稍硬。此外,啄木鸟额骨的杨氏模量明显高于顶骨的杨氏模量。这些新发现可能对潜在的工程设计应用程序以及将来了解啄木鸟如何避免脑部损伤的工作很有用。矿化度更高,皮质与颅骨的比例更高。相反,鸡颅骨显示出大范围的开孔和闭孔(体积分数),较低的矿化度和较低的皮质与颅骨之比。这种结构差异会影响机械性能:啄木鸟的头骨比刚鸡的头骨稍硬。此外,啄木鸟额骨的杨氏模量明显高于顶骨的杨氏模量。这些新发现可能对潜在的工程设计应用程序以及将来了解啄木鸟如何避免脑部损伤的工作很有用。皮质与颅骨的比例较低。这种结构差异会影响机械性能:啄木鸟的头骨比刚鸡的头骨稍硬。此外,啄木鸟额骨的杨氏模量明显高于顶骨的杨氏模量。这些新发现可能对潜在的工程设计应用程序以及将来了解啄木鸟如何避免脑部损伤的工作很有用。皮质与颅骨的比例较低。这种结构差异会影响机械性能:啄木鸟的头骨比刚鸡的头骨稍硬。此外,啄木鸟额骨的杨氏模量明显高于顶骨的杨氏模量。这些新发现可能对潜在的工程设计应用程序以及将来了解啄木鸟如何避免脑部损伤的工作很有用。

更新日期:2018-05-03
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