Realizing topological superconductivity and Majorana zero modes in the laboratory is a major goal in condensed-matter physics. In this Review, we survey the current status of this rapidly developing field, focusing on proposals for the realization of topological superconductivity in semiconductor–superconductor heterostructures. We examine materials science progress in growing InAs and InSb semiconductor nanowires and characterizing these systems. We then discuss the observation of robust signatures of Majorana zero modes in recent experiments, paying particular attention to zero-bias tunnelling conduction measurements and Coulomb blockade experiments. We also outline several next-generation experiments probing exotic properties of Majorana zero modes, including fusion rules and non-Abelian exchange statistics. Finally, we discuss prospects for implementing Majorana-based topological quantum computation.

在实验室中实现拓扑超导和Majorana零模式是凝聚态物理的主要目标。在这篇综述中，我们调查了这个快速发展的领域的现状，重点是在半导体-超导体异质结构中实现拓扑超导的建议。我们研究了材料科学在生长InAs和InSb半导体纳米线以及表征这些系统方面的进展。然后，我们将讨论最近实验中对Majorana零模式的鲁棒性特征的观察，尤其要注意零偏置隧穿传导测量和库仑阻塞实验。我们还概述了几个探索Majorana零模式的外来特性的下一代实验，包括融合规则和非阿贝尔交换统计信息。最后，