Large-scale reforestation will rely at least in part on private landholders who are motivated to increase forest cover on their properties. Well-designed incentives can encourage landholder adoption of reforestation within production landscapes, while delivering social, economic and biodiversity co-benefits. Here, I draw on lessons from extensive research on barriers and enablers to landholder adoption of tree planting, the growing literature highlighting the potential benefits of assisted natural regeneration (ANR) for large-scale reforestation, and experiences from a voluntary land-based carbon abatement (‘carbon farming’) program implemented in Australia since 2012, where tree planting and ANR comprise several approved reforestation methods. Carbon farming projects to date have primarily adopted the ANR methods, yet program outcomes have been undermined by increased deforestation elsewhere in Australia. Policy uncertainty, the provision of co-benefits and the availability of trusted information are key factors influencing landholder adoption. Incentives for reforestation must be underpinned by a coherent and complementary policy mix which facilitates long-term participation and genuine environmental outcomes.

大规模的植树造林将至少部分依赖私人土地所有者，他们有动机增加其财产的森林覆盖率。精心设计的激励措施可以鼓励土地所有者在生产环境中采用植树造林，同时带来社会，经济和生物多样性的共同效益。在这里，我将从广泛的研究中吸取经验教训，这些研究涉及障碍和促成土地所有者采用植树造林的因素，越来越多的文献着重强调了辅助自然再生（ANR）对于大规模造林的潜在好处以及自愿性基于陆地的碳减排的经验（“碳农业”）计划自2012年开始在澳大利亚实施，其中植树造林和ANR包括几种已获批准的重新造林方法。迄今为止，碳农业项目主要采用了ANR方法，但是，由于澳大利亚其他地区的森林砍伐加剧，计划的成果受到了损害。政策的不确定性，共同利益的提供以及可信赖信息的提供是影响土地所有者采用的关键因素。必须以协调一致和相互补充的政策组合为基础，以鼓励重新造林，以促进长期参与和真正的环境成果。