Aerobic exercise improves cognitive and motor function by inducing neural changes detected using molecular, cellular, and systems level neuroscience techniques. This review unifies the knowledge gained across various neuroscience techniques to provide a comprehensive profile of the neural mechanisms that mediate exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Using a model of exercise-induced neuroplasticity, this review emphasizes the sequence of neural events that accompany exercise, and ultimately promote changes in human performance. This is achieved by differentiating between neuroplasticity induced by acute versus chronic aerobic exercise. Furthermore, this review emphasizes experimental considerations that influence the opportunity to observe exercise-induced neuroplasticity in humans. These include modifiable factors associated with the exercise intervention and nonmodifiable factors such as biological sex, ovarian hormones, genetic variations, and fitness level. To maximize the beneficial effects of exercise in health, disease, and following injury, future research should continue to explore the mechanisms that mediate exercise-induced neuroplasticity. This review identifies some fundamental gaps in knowledge that may serve to guide future research in this area.

有氧运动通过诱导使用分子，细胞和系统水平的神经科学技术检测到的神经变化来改善认知和运动功能。这篇综述统一了从各种神经科学技术中获得的知识，以提供介导运动诱导的神经可塑性的神经机制的全面概况。本文使用运动诱发的神经可塑性模型，强调了运动伴随的神经事件的顺序，并最终促进了人类行为的改变。这是通过区分急性有氧运动和慢性有氧运动引起的神经可塑性来实现的。此外，这篇综述强调了实验因素，这些因素影响了观察人运动引起的神经可塑性的机会。这些因素包括与运动干预有关的可修改因素，以及诸如生物性别，卵巢激素，遗传变异和适应水平等不可修改因素。为了最大程度地提高运动对健康，疾病和受伤后的有益影响，未来的研究应继续探索介导运动诱发的神经可塑性的机制。这篇综述指出了知识方面的一些根本性空白，可用于指导该领域的未来研究。