Energy storage is considered a key technology for successful realization of renewable energies and electrification of the powertrain. This review discusses the lithium ion battery as the leading electrochemical storage technology, focusing on its main components, namely electrode(s) as active and electrolyte as inactive materials. State-of-the-art (SOTA) cathode and anode materials are reviewed, emphasizing viable approaches towards advancement of the overall performance and reliability of lithium ion batteries; however, existing challenges are not neglected. Liquid aprotic electrolytes for lithium ion batteries comprise a lithium ion conducting salt, a mixture of solvents and various additives. Due to its complexity and its role in a given cell chemistry, electrolyte, besides the cathode materials, is identified as most susceptible, as well as the most promising, component for further improvement of lithium ion batteries. The working principle of the most important commercial electrolyte additives is also discussed. With regard to new applications and new cell chemistries, e.g., operation at high temperature and high voltage, further improvements of both active and inactive materials are inevitable. In this regard, theoretical support by means of modeling, calculation and simulation approaches can be very helpful to ex ante pre-select and identify the aforementioned components suitable for a given cell chemistry as well as to understand degradation phenomena at the electrolyte/electrode interface. This overview highlights the advantages and limitations of SOTA lithium battery systems, aiming to encourage researchers to carry forward and strengthen the research towards advanced lithium ion batteries, tailored for specific applications.

储能被认为是成功实现可再生能源和动力总成电气化的关键技术。这篇综述讨论了作为领先的电化学存储技术的锂离子电池，重点是其主要成分，即电极作为活性材料和电解质作为非活性材料。审查了最新技术（SOTA）的正极和负极材料，强调了提高锂离子电池整体性能和可靠性的可行方法；但是，现有的挑战不容忽视。用于锂离子电池的液体非质子电解质包括锂离子传导盐，溶剂和各种添加剂的混合物。由于其复杂性及其在给定电池化学中的作用，除阴极材料外，电解质被认为是最易受影响的，也是锂离子电池进一步改进的最有希望的组成部分。还讨论了最重要的商业电解质添加剂的工作原理。关于新的应用和新的电池化学，例如在高温和高压下的操作，不可避免地要进一步改进活性和非活性材料。在这方面，借助于建模，计算和仿真方法的理论支持对于事前预先选择和识别适合于给定电池化学性质的前述组分以及理解电解质/电极界面处的降解现象可能是非常有帮助的。本概述重点介绍了SOTA锂电池系统的优点和局限性，