Ice formation, mainly consisting of ice nucleation, ice growth, and ice recrystallization, is ubiquitous and crucial in wide-ranging fields from cryobiology to atmospheric physics. Despite active research for more than a century, the mechanism of ice formation is still far from satisfactory. Meanwhile, nature has unique ways of controlling ice formation and can provide resourceful avenues to unravel the mechanism of ice formation. For instance, antifreeze proteins (AFPs) protect living organisms from freezing damage via controlling ice formation, for example, tuning ice nucleation, shaping ice crystals, and inhibiting ice growth and recrystallization. In addition, AFP mimics can have applications in cryopreservation of cells, tissues, and organs, food storage, and anti-icing materials. Therefore, continuous efforts have been made to understand the mechanism of AFPs and design AFP inspired materials.

中文翻译：

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生物启发的材料，可控制冰的成核，生长和重结晶

冰的形成，主要包括冰的成核，冰的生长和冰的再结晶，在从低温生物学到大气物理学的广泛领域中无处不在且至关重要。尽管进行了一个多世纪的积极研究，但结冰的机理仍远未令人满意。同时，大自然具有独特的控制冰形成的方法，并且可以提供丰富的途径来阐明冰的形成机理。例如，防冻蛋白（AFP）通过控制冰的形成（例如调节冰的形核，使冰晶成形以及抑制冰的生长和再结晶）来保护活生物体免受冰冻损害。此外，AFP模拟物还可用于细胞，组织和器官的冷冻保存，食品储存和防冰材料中。所以，