Currently, there is no available needle-free approach for diabetics to monitor glucose levels in the interstitial fluid. Here, we report a path-selective, non-invasive, transdermal glucose monitoring system based on a miniaturized pixel array platform (realized either by graphene-based thin-film technology, or screen-printing). The system samples glucose from the interstitial fluid via electroosmotic extraction through individual, privileged, follicular pathways in the skin, accessible via the pixels of the array. A proof of principle using mammalian skin ex vivo is demonstrated for specific and ‘quantized’ glucose extraction/detection via follicular pathways, and across the hypo- to hyper-glycaemic range in humans. Furthermore, the quantification of follicular and non-follicular glucose extraction fluxes is clearly shown. In vivo continuous monitoring of interstitial fluid-borne glucose with the pixel array was able to track blood sugar in healthy human subjects. This approach paves the way to clinically relevant glucose detection in diabetics without the need for invasive, finger-stick blood sampling.

目前，糖尿病患者没有可用的无针方法来监测间质液中的葡萄糖水平。在这里，我们报告了一种基于微型像素阵列平台（通过基于石墨烯的薄膜技术或丝网印刷实现）的路径选择性、非侵入性、透皮葡萄糖监测系统。该系统通过电渗提取通过皮肤中的个体、特权、毛囊通路从间质液中采样葡萄糖，这些通路可通过阵列的像素访问。使用哺乳动物离体皮肤的原理证明被证明可通过卵泡途径进行特定和“量化”的葡萄糖提取/检测，并跨越人类的低血糖至高血糖范围。此外，清楚地显示了滤泡和非滤泡葡萄糖提取通量的量化。使用像素阵列在体内连续监测间质液携带的葡萄糖能够跟踪健康人类受试者的血糖。这种方法为糖尿病患者的临床相关葡萄糖检测铺平了道路，而无需侵入性的手指穿刺采血。