Climate warming and associated environmental changes lead to compositional shifts and local extinctions in various ecosystems. Species closely associated with rare island-like habitats such as groundwater-dependent spring fens can be severely threatened by these changes due to a limited possibility to disperse. It is, however, largely unknown to what extent mesoclimate affects species composition in spring fens, where microclimate is buffered by groundwater supply. We assembled an original landscape-scale dataset on species composition of the most waterlogged parts of isolated temperate spring fens in the Western Carpathian Mountains along with continuously measured water temperature and hydrological, hydrochemical, and climatic conditions. We explored a set of hypotheses about the effects of mesoclimate air and local spring-water temperature on compositional variation of aquatic (macroinvertebrates), semi-terrestrial (plants) and terrestrial (land snails) components of spring-fen biota, categorized as habitat specialists and other species (i.e. matrix-derived). Water temperature did not show a high level of correlation with mesoclimate. For all components, fractions of compositional variation constrained to temperature were statistically significant and higher for habitat specialists than for other species. The importance of air temperature at the expense of water temperature and its fluctuation clearly increased with terrestriality, i.e. from aquatic macroinvertebrates via vegetation (bryophytes and vascular plants) to land snails, with January air temperature being the most important factor for land snails and plant specialists. Some calcareous-fen specialists with a clear distribution centre in temperate Europe showed a strong affinity to climatically cold sites in our study area and may hence be considered as threatened by climate warming. We conclude that prediction models solely based on air temperature may provide biased estimates of future changes in spring fen communities, because their aquatic and semiterrestrial components are largely affected by water temperature that is modified by local hydrological and landscape settings.

气候变暖和相关的环境变化导致各种生态系统的组成变化和局部灭绝。与这些稀有岛屿状生境密切相关的物种，例如依赖地下水的春季spring，由于扩散的可能性有限，因此可能受到严重威胁。但是，在很大程度上，尚不清楚中气候对春季spring的物种组成有多大影响，那里的小气候受到地下水供应的缓冲。我们收集了原始的景观尺度数据集，其中包括西喀尔巴阡山脉中最孤立的温带春季的大部分涝灾部分的物种组成，以及不断测量的水温以及水文，水化学和气候条件。我们探索了一组关于中气候空气和当地泉水温度对春fen生物群的水生（大型无脊椎动物），半陆生（植物）和陆生（蜗牛）成分组成变化的影响的假设，归类为栖息地专家和其他物种（即矩阵派生）。水温与中气候之间没有高度相关。对于所有成分，栖息地专家的受温度限制的组成变化分数在统计学上均显着，并且比其他物种更高。气温以水为代价的重要性及其波动随着陆地的增加而明显增加，即从水生无脊椎动物通过植被（苔藓植物和维管植物）到蜗牛。一月份的气温是蜗牛和植物专家的最重要因素。一些在欧洲温带分布中心清晰的钙质芬专家显示出对我们研究区域气候寒冷地区的强烈亲和力，因此可能被视为气候变暖的威胁。我们得出的结论是，仅基于气温的预测模型可能会为春季群落的未来变化提供有偏差的估计，因为它们的水生和半陆生成分很大程度上受水温的影响，而水温会因当地的水文和景观环境而改变。一些在欧洲温带分布中心清晰的钙质芬专家显示出对我们研究区域气候寒冷地区的强烈亲和力，因此可能被视为气候变暖的威胁。我们得出的结论是，仅基于气温的预测模型可能会为春季群落的未来变化提供有偏差的估计，因为它们的水生和半陆生成分很大程度上受水温的影响，而水温会因当地的水文和景观环境而改变。一些在欧洲温带分布中心清晰的钙质芬专家显示出对我们研究区域气候寒冷地区的强烈亲和力，因此可能被视为气候变暖的威胁。我们得出的结论是，仅基于气温的预测模型可能会为春季群落的未来变化提供有偏差的估计，因为它们的水生和半陆生成分很大程度上受水温的影响，而水温会因当地的水文和景观环境而改变。