BACKGROUND Dietary pattern analysis is a complementary method to nutrient analysis in evaluating overall diet-disease hypotheses. Although studies have been conducted to derive dietary patterns among Malaysians, their consistency across subgroups has not been examined. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to derive dietary patterns empirically and to examine the consistency and generalizability of patterns across sex, ethnicity, and urban status in a working population. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study using data from the Clustering of Lifestyle Risk Factors and Understanding its Association with Stress on Health and Well-Being among School Teachers in Malaysia study collected between August 2014 and November 2015. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Participants were teachers from selected public schools from three states in Peninsular Malaysia (n=4,618). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dietary patterns derived using factor analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Separate factor analysis was conducted by sex, ethnicity, and urban status to identify dietary patterns. Eigenvalue >2, scree plot, Velicer's minimum average partial analysis, and Horn's parallel analysis were used to determine the number of factors to retain. The interpretability of each dietary pattern was evaluated. The consistency and generalizability of dietary patterns across subgroups were assessed using the Tucker congruence coefficient. RESULTS There was no subgroup-specific dietary pattern found. Thus, dietary patterns were derived using the pooled sample in the final model. Two dietary patterns (Western and Prudent) were derived. The Western dietary pattern explained 15.4% of total variance, characterized by high intakes of refined grains, animal-based foods, added fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as fast food. The Prudent dietary pattern explained 11.1% of total variance and was loaded with pulses, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. CONCLUSIONS The derived Western and Prudent dietary patterns were consistent and generalizable across subgroups of sex, ethnicity, and urban status. Further research is needed to explore associations between these dietary patterns and chronic diseases.

中文翻译：

---

多民族工作人群饮食模式的一致性和普遍性

背景饮食模式分析是评估总体饮食疾病假设的营养分析的补充方法。尽管已经进行了研究以推导出马来西亚人的饮食模式，但尚未检查它们在各个亚组之间的一致性。目标 本研究旨在根据经验推导出饮食模式，并检查工作人口中不同性别、种族和城市地位模式的一致性和普遍性。设计 这是一项横断面研究，使用来自 2014 年 8 月至 2015 年 11 月期间收集的生活方式风险因素聚类数据并了解其与马来西亚学校教师健康和幸福压力的关联。膳食摄入量是使用食物评估频率问卷和饮食模式是使用因子分析得出的。参与者/环境 参与者是来自马来西亚半岛三个州 (n=4,618) 的选定公立学校的教师。主要结果测量使用因子分析得出的饮食模式。执行的统计分析 按性别、种族和城市状况进行了单独的因素分析，以确定饮食模式。特征值 > 2、碎石图、Velicer 的最小平均部分分析和 Horn 的平行分析用于确定要保留的因子数。评估了每种饮食模式的可解释性。使用塔克一致性系数评估了亚组间饮食模式的一致性和普遍性。结果 没有发现亚组特定的饮食模式。因此，饮食模式是使用最终模型中的合并样本得出的。衍生出两种饮食模式（西方和谨慎）。西方饮食模式解释了总方差的 15.4%，其特点是大量摄入精制谷物、动物性食品、添加脂肪、含糖饮料以及快餐。谨慎的饮食模式解释了总方差的 11.1%，并含有豆类、豆类、蔬菜和水果。结论 派生的西方和审慎饮食模式在性别、种族和城市地位的亚组中是一致和可概括的。需要进一步的研究来探索这些饮食模式与慢性疾病之间的关联。谨慎的饮食模式解释了总方差的 11.1%，并含有豆类、豆类、蔬菜和水果。结论 派生的西方和审慎饮食模式在性别、种族和城市地位的亚组中是一致和可概括的。需要进一步的研究来探索这些饮食模式与慢性疾病之间的关联。谨慎的饮食模式解释了总方差的 11.1%，并含有豆类、豆类、蔬菜和水果。结论 派生的西方和审慎饮食模式在性别、种族和城市地位的亚组中是一致和可概括的。需要进一步的研究来探索这些饮食模式与慢性疾病之间的关联。