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Radon 222 in drinking water resources of Iran: A systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic risk assessment (Monte Carlo simulation)
Food and Chemical Toxicology ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2018-03-30 , DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.042
Hassan Keramati , Raheb Ghorbani , Yadolah Fakhri , Amin Mousavi Khaneghah , Gea Oliveri Conti , Margherita Ferrante , Mansour Ghaderpoori , Mahmoud Taghavi , Zahra Baninameh , Abotaleb Bay , Mohammad Golaki , Bigard Moradi

The current study was performed to review the conducted studies regarding the concentration of radon 222 in the tap drinking water; furthermore, by estimation of ingestion and inhalation effective dose, the health risk assessment in the adults and children using MCS technique was assessed. All related studies published among January 1990 to October 2016; were screened in the available databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, SID, and Irandoc. The total effective dose was estimated by calculating Eing (Effective dose of ingestion) and Einh (Effective dose of inhalation) by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The range of ND ─ 40.9 Bq/L for radon 222 in water resources was proposed after evaluation of data collected from 13 studies with 1079 samples. The overall concentration of radon 222 in drinking water in Iran was 3.98: 95%CI (3.79 ─ 4.17 Bq/L). Also, the effective ingestion dose of radon 222 in adults age groups was 1.35 times higher than children. The rank order of drinking water resources based on the concentration of radon 222 was Spring > Spring and Well > Well > Spring and Qanat > Tap water. The overall concentration of radon 222 in drinking water in Iran was lower than WHO and EPA standard limits. Also, the rank order regarding area studied based on the concentration of radon 222 was Gillan > Mashhad > Mazandaran > Kerman > Yazd > Tehran > Kermanshah > Golestan > Hormozgan. The effective ingestion dose of radon 222 to consumers in the Gillan, Mashhad, Mazandaran, and Kerman were higher than WHO guidance (0.1 mSv/y). Also except consumers in the Hormozgan, inhalation effective dose radon 222, in the other investigated areas were higher than WHO guidance (0.1 mSv/y). Therefore, it is recommended to conduct the required programs regarding control and elimination of radon 222 concentration in Iranian drinking water supply.



中文翻译:

伊朗饮用水资源中的on 222:系统评价,荟萃分析和概率风险评估(蒙特卡罗模拟)

进行本研究的目的是回顾有关自来水中ra 222浓度的研究。此外,通过估计摄入和吸入有效剂量,使用MCS技术评估了成年人和儿童的健康风险评估。所有相关研究发表于1990年1月至2016年10月之间;在可用的数据库(例如Web of Science,PubMed,Science Direct,Scopus,SID和Irandoc)中进行了筛选。通过计算E ing(摄入有效剂量)和E inh估算总有效剂量(有效吸入剂量)通过蒙特卡罗模拟(MCS)方法进行。在评估了从13项研究中收集的1079个样本的数据后,提出了ra 222在水资源中的ND─40.9 Bq / L的范围。伊朗饮用水中222的总浓度为3.98:95%CI(3.79─4.17 Bq / L)。而且,成人年龄段中ra222的有效摄入剂量比儿童高1.35倍。根据ra 222的浓度,饮用水资源的排位顺序为:春季>春季和井>井>春季和卡纳特>自来水。伊朗饮用水中222的总浓度低于WHO和EPA的标准限值。另外,基于on222的浓度研究的区域的等级顺序是吉兰>马什哈德>马赞达兰>克尔曼>亚兹德>德黑兰> Kermanshah> Golestan> Hormozgan。Gillan,Mashhad,Mazandaran和Kerman对消费者的有效ra 222摄入量高于WHO的指导值(0.1 mSv / y)。此外,除Hormozgan的消费者外,其他调查区域的吸入有效剂量ra 222也高于WHO的指导值(0.1 mSv / y)。因此,建议执行有关控制和消除伊朗饮用水供应中ra 222浓度的必要程序。

更新日期:2018-03-30
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