Adiabatic cyclic modulation of a one-dimensional periodic potential will result in quantized charge transport, which is termed the Thouless pump. In contrast to the original Thouless pump restricted by the topology of the energy band, here we experimentally observe a generalized Thouless pump that can be extensively and continuously controlled. The extraordinary features of the new pump originate from interband coherence in nonequilibrium initial states, and this fact indicates that a quantum superposition of different eigenstates individually undergoing quantum adiabatic following can also be an important ingredient unavailable in classical physics. The quantum simulation of this generalized Thouless pump in a two-band insulator is achieved by applying delicate control fields to a single spin in diamond. The experimental results demonstrate all principal characteristics of the generalized Thouless pump. Because the pumping in our system is most pronounced around a band-touching point, this work also suggests an alternative means to detect quantum or topological phase transitions.

中文翻译：

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广义单转单向泵的实验观察

一维周期性电势的绝热循环调制将导致量化的电荷传输，这被称为Thouless泵。与受能带拓扑限制的原始Thouless泵相反，在这里我们通过实验观察到可以广泛且连续控制的广义Thouless泵。新泵的非凡特征源于非平衡初始状态下的带间相干性，这一事实表明，个别经历量子绝热跟随的不同本征态的量子叠加也可能是经典物理学中无法获得的重要成分。通过将精细的控制场应用于钻石中的单个自旋，可以在两波段绝缘体中实现这种广义Thouless泵的量子模拟。实验结果证明了通用Thouless泵的所有主要特性。因为我们系统中的泵浦在带接触点附近最为明显，所以这项工作还提出了一种检测量子或拓扑相变的替代方法。