Over the past few decades, the design and development of advanced electrocatalysts for efficient energy conversion technologies have been subjects of extensive study. With the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have emerged as some of the most promising candidates for heterogeneous electrocatalysts due to their unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties. Here, we review 2D-nanomaterial-based electrocatalysts for selected electrocatalytic processes. We first discuss the unique advances in 2D electrocatalysts based on different compositions and functions followed by specific design principles. Following this overview, we discuss various 2D electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic processes involved in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle from their fundamental conception to their functional application. We place a significant emphasis on different engineering strategies for 2D nanomaterials and the influence these strategies have on intrinsic material performance, such as electronic properties and adsorption energetics. Finally, we feature the opportunities and challenges ahead for 2D nanomaterials as efficient electrocatalysts. By considering theoretical calculations, surface characterization, and electrochemical tests, we describe the fundamental relationships between electronic structure, adsorption energy, and apparent activity for a wide variety of 2D electrocatalysts with the goal of providing a better understanding of these emerging nanomaterials at the atomic level.

中文翻译：

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新兴的二维纳米材料用于电催化

在过去的几十年中，用于高效能量转换技术的高级电催化剂的设计和开发一直是广泛研究的主题。随着石墨烯的发现，二维（2D）纳米材料由于其独特的物理，化学和电子特性，已经成为多相电催化剂最有希望的候选者。在这里，我们回顾了选定的电催化过程的2D纳米材料为基础的电催化剂。我们首先讨论基于不同组成和功能的二维电催化剂的独特进展，然后再讨论特定的设计原理。在此概述之后，我们将讨论各种2D电催化剂，这些电催化过程涉及从其基本概念到其功能应用的水循环，碳循环和氮循环的电催化过程。我们非常重视2D纳米材料的不同工程策略以及这些策略对固有材料性能（如电子性能和吸附能）的影响。最后，我们将2D纳米材料作为高效电催化剂的机遇和挑战摆在面前。通过考虑理论计算，表面表征和电化学测试，我们描述了各种2D电催化剂的电子结构，吸附能和表观活性之间的基本关系，目的是在原子水平上更好地理解这些新兴的纳米材料。 。例如电子性能和吸附能。最后，我们将2D纳米材料作为高效电催化剂的机遇和挑战摆在面前。通过考虑理论计算，表面表征和电化学测试，我们描述了各种2D电催化剂的电子结构，吸附能和表观活性之间的基本关系，目的是在原子水平上更好地理解这些新兴的纳米材料。 。例如电子性能和吸附能。最后，我们将2D纳米材料作为高效电催化剂的机遇和挑战摆在面前。通过考虑理论计算，表面表征和电化学测试，我们描述了各种2D电催化剂的电子结构，吸附能和表观活性之间的基本关系，目的是在原子水平上更好地理解这些新兴的纳米材料。 。