The brain adaptively integrates present sensory input, past experience, and options for future action. The insect mushroom body exemplifies how a central brain structure brings about such integration. Here we use a combination of systematic single-cell labeling, connectomics, transgenic silencing, and activation experiments to study the mushroom body at single-cell resolution, focusing on the behavioral architecture of its input and output neurons (MBINs and MBONs), and of the mushroom body intrinsic APL neuron. Our results reveal the identity and morphology of almost all of these 44 neurons in stage 3 Drosophila larvae. Upon an initial screen, functional analyses focusing on the mushroom body medial lobe uncover sparse and specific functions of its dopaminergic MBINs, its MBONs, and of the GABAergic APL neuron across three behavioral tasks, namely odor preference, taste preference, and associative learning between odor and taste. Our results thus provide a cellular-resolution study case of how brains organize behavior.

中文翻译：

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幼虫果蝇蘑菇体内外在神经元奖励学习的功能架构。

大脑可以自适应地整合当前的感官输入，过去的经验以及未来行动的选择。昆虫蘑菇体例证了大脑中枢结构如何实现这种整合。在这里，我们结合系统的单细胞标记，连接组学，转基因沉默和激活实验，以单细胞分辨率研究蘑菇体，重点研究其输入和输出神经元（MBIN和MBON）以及蘑菇体内固有的APL神经元。我们的研究结果揭示了果蝇幼虫3期中几乎所有这44个神经元的身份和形态。初步筛选后，针对蘑菇体内内侧叶的功能分析揭示了其多巴胺能MBIN，MBON和GABA能APL神经元在三种行为任务中的稀疏和特定功能，即气味偏好，口味偏好以及气味和味道之间的关联学习。因此，我们的结果提供了一个关于大脑如何组织行为的细胞分辨率研究案例。