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Bridging anatomical gaps between brain and immune system Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Giulia Castellani, Javier María Peralta Ramos, Michal Schwartz
It is increasingly clear that the central nervous system (CNS) relies significantly on both adaptive and innate immune cells for its repair and lifelong maintenance. These interactions hold profound implications for brain aging and neurodegeneration. Recent work by Smyth et al. describes newfound anatomical connections between the brain and dura mater, which they named the arachnoid cuff exit points
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Microglia as integrators of brain-associated molecular patterns Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Caroline C. Escoubas, Anna V. Molofsky
Microglia are brain-resident macrophages that play key roles in brain development and experience dependent plasticity. In this review we discuss recent findings regarding the molecular mechanisms through which mammalian microglia sense the unique molecular patterns of the homeostatic brain. We propose that microglial function is acutely controlled in response to ‘brain-associated molecular patterns’
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Sensory neuronal control of skin barrier immunity Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Xinyi Feng, Haoting Zhan, Caroline L. Sokol
Peripheral sensory neurons recognize diverse noxious stimuli, including microbial products and allergens traditionally thought to be targets of the mammalian immune system. Activation of sensory neurons by these stimuli leads to pain and itch responses as well as the release of neuropeptides that interact with their cognate receptors expressed on immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs). Neuronal
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Beyond antiviral: role of IFN-I in brain development Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-20 Christopher A. Baker, Akiko Iwasaki
Interferons and central nervous system resident macrophages, microglia, are well-known for their respective roles in antiviral defense and phagocytosis. Using a classic experimental paradigm for examining activity-dependent neural plasticity, Escoubas, Dorman, et al. recently identified a role for microglial type I interferon signaling in the clearance of unwanted neurons during mouse brain development
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Complement(ing) long-COVID thromboinflammation and pathogenesis Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-17 John D. Lee, Trent M. Woodruff
The persistence or recurrence of symptoms after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, termed ‘long COVID’, presents a formidable challenge to global healthcare systems. Recent research by Cervia-Hasler and colleagues delves into the intricate immunological landscape in patients with long COVID, demonstrating an interplay between complement and coagulation, driven by antiviral antibodies and tissue damage.
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Lymphoid tissue on the mind Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-17 Nikhita Kirthivasan, Jason G. Cyster
To surveil an organ for pathogens, lymphoid structures need to sample antigens locally. The full set of lymphoid structures involved in surveilling for brain-tropic pathogens has not been defined. Through comprehensive imaging of the mouse meninges, a new study by Fitzpatrick et al. describes dural-associated lymphoid tissue (DALT) and its contribution to humoral responses following intranasal viral
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Brain border-associated macrophages: common denominators in infection, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease? Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Sandro Da Mesquita, Rejane Rua
Mammalian brain border-associated macrophages (BAMs) are strategically positioned to support vital properties and processes: for example, the composition of the brain’s perivascular extracellular matrix and cerebrospinal fluid flow via the glymphatic pathway. BAMs also effectively restrict the spread of infectious microbes into the brain. However, while fighting infections, BAMs sustain long-term transcriptomic
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Astrocytes ACLYmate to chronic neuroinflammation Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Kevin Champagne-Jorgensen, Jennifer Gommerman
Astrocytes are essential cells of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), with key roles in development, homeostasis, and disease. Lee and colleagues recently showed that astrocytes can develop epigenetic memory, which enhances proinflammatory responses to subsequent stimulation, potentially driving sustained neurological disease pathology, such as in multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Microglia pack a toolbox for life Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-13 Kristine E. Zengeler, John R. Lukens
After decades of being overlooked, a recent wave of studies have explored the roles of microglia in brain health and disease. Microglia perform important physiological functions to set up and maintain proper neural network functions, as well as orchestrate responses to toxic stimuli to limit harm. Many microglial transcriptional programs, extracellular sensing molecules, and functional outputs are
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-11
Abstract not available
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Will cellular immunotherapies end neurodegenerative diseases? Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-09 Pavle Boskovic, Wenqing Gao, Jonathan Kipnis
Neurodegenerative disorders present major challenges to global health, exacerbated by an aging population and the absence of therapies. Despite diverse pathological manifestations, they share a common hallmark, loosely termed ‘neuroinflammation’. The prevailing dogma is that the immune system is an active contributor to neurodegeneration; however, recent evidence challenges this. By analogy with road
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Approaches for studying human macrophages Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-04 Yuzhou Bao, Guanlin Wang, Hanjie Li
Macrophages are vital tissue components involved in organogenesis, maintaining homeostasis, and responses to disease. Mouse models have significantly improved our understanding of macrophages. Further investigations into the characteristics and development of human macrophages are crucial, considering the substantial anatomical and physiological distinctions between mice and humans. Despite challenges
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Lipocalin-2: a novel potential therapy for GVHD Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Kate A. Markey
Czech et al. used mouse models of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) to investigate the role of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) as a newfound regulator of intestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Administration of recombinant LCN2 protein after disease onset prevented GVHD progression, suggesting that it may play a role in reversing tissue damage that has already begun.
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Complement: you gutsy thing! Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-26 Claudia Kemper
Complement, traditionally perceived as a liver-derived and plasma-operative guardian against bloodborne pathogens, is increasingly recognized as a local and central player in tissue immunity. Two recent studies, by Xu et al. and Wu et al., validate this concept in the mouse gut, where extrahepatic, intestine-produced, and/or operative C3 protects against enteric infections.
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Recombinant snake antivenoms get closer to the clinic Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-26 Andreas H. Laustsen
Snakebite envenomings kill ~100 000 victims each year and leave many more with permanent sequelae. Antivenoms have been available for more than 125 years but are in need of innovation. A new study by Khalek et al. highlights broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that might be used to develop recombinant antivenoms with superior therapeutic benefits.
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Affinity-independent plasma cell differentiation in germinal centers Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-22 Roser Tachó-Piñot, Carola G. Vinuesa
The role of antibody affinity in plasma cell (PC) differentiation from germinal centers (GCs) remains contested. Parallel studies by Sprumont et al. and Sutton and Gao et al. show that PCs emerging from GCs produce antibodies with a diverse range of affinities and lack signatures of affinity-based selection. Therefore, commitment to the PC lineage is affinity independent.
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Inflammasome diversity: exploring novel frontiers in the innate immune response Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Gyeongju Yu, Young Ki Choi, SangJoon Lee
Pathogens elicit complex mammalian immune responses by activating multiple sensors within inflammasomes, which recognize diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This simultaneous activation induces the formation of protein complexes referred to as multiple inflammasomes, that orchestrate a spectrum of programmed cell death pathways, including
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Pathways and mechanisms of CD4+CD8αα+ intraepithelial T cell development Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Can Li, Dominic Lanasa, Jung-Hyun Park
The mammalian small intestine epithelium harbors a peculiar population of CD4+CD8αα+ T cells that are derived from mature CD4+ T cells through reprogramming of lineage-specific transcription factors. CD4+CD8αα+ T cells occupy a unique niche in T cell biology because they exhibit mixed phenotypes and functional characteristics of both CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The molecular pathways driving
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Regulation and impact of tumor-specific CD4+ T cells in cancer and immunotherapy Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Mengdi Guo, Melissa Yi Ran Liu, David G. Brooks
Abstract not available
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Unlocking potential: the role of the electron transport chain in immunometabolism Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-18 Alessia Zotta, Luke A.J. O’Neill, Maureen Yin
The electron transport chain (ETC) couples electron transfer with proton pumping to generate ATP and it also regulates particular innate and adaptive immune cell function. While NLRP3 inflammasome activation was initially linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from Complexes I and III, recent research suggests that an intact ETC fueling ATP is needed. Complex II may be responsible for Th1
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Lipopolysaccharide delivery systems in innate immunity Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-16 Jiao Liu, Rui Kang, Daolin Tang
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a key component of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), is widely recognized for its crucial role in mammalian innate immunity and its link to mortality in intensive care units. While its recognition via the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 receptor on cell membranes is well established, the activation of the cytosolic receptor caspase-11 by LPS is now known to lead
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The translational potential of studying bat immunity Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-06 Kaushal Baid, Aaron T. Irving, Nolwenn Jouvenet, Arinjay Banerjee
Molecular studies in bats have led to the discovery of antiviral adaptations that may explain how some bat species have evolved enhanced immune tolerance towards viruses. Accumulating data suggest that some bat species have also evolved remarkable features of longevity and low rates of cancer. Furthermore, recent research strongly suggests that discovering immune adaptations in bat models can be translated
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Immunological features of bats: resistance and tolerance to emerging viruses Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-06 Wael L. Demian, Olga Cormier, Karen Mossman
Bats are among the most diverse mammalian species, representing over 20% of mammalian diversity. The past two decades have witnessed a disproportionate spillover of viruses from bats to humans compared with other mammalian hosts, attributed to the viral richness within bats, their phylogenetic likeness to humans, and increased human contact with wildlife. Unique evolutionary adaptations in bat genomes
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Targeting MHC-I inhibitory pathways for cancer immunotherapy Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-02 Jun Wang, Qiao Lu, Xufeng Chen, Iannis Aifantis
The MHC-I antigen presentation (AP) pathway is key to shaping mammalian CD8 T cell immunity, with its aberrant expression closely linked to low tumor immunogenicity and immunotherapy resistance. While significant attention has been given to genetic mutations and downregulation of positive regulators that are essential for MHC-I AP, there is a growing interest in understanding how tumors actively evade
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DNA flexibility can shape the preferential hypermutation of antibody genes Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Yanyan Wang, Fei-Long Meng, Leng-Siew Yeap
Antibody-coding genes accumulate somatic mutations to achieve antibody affinity maturation. Genetic dissection using various mouse models has shown that intrinsic hypermutations occur preferentially and are predisposed in the DNA region encoding antigen-contacting residues. The molecular basis of nonrandom/preferential mutations is a long-sought question in the field. Here, we summarize recent findings
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The tumor niche can reprogram long-lived protumorigenic neutrophils Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Jiaming Wang, Xuetao Cao
The heterogeneity and plasticity of neutrophils in tumor–host interactions and how tumor signals induce reprogramming of neutrophil subpopulations need further investigation. recently reported that a hypoxic-glycolytic niche in mouse tumors could reprogram mature and immature neutrophils into a long-lived and terminally-differentiated subset, which promoted angiogenesis and tumor growth.
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Gut-associated lymphoid tissue: a microbiota-driven hub of B cell immunity Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Mats Bemark, Michael J. Pitcher, Chiara Dionisi, Jo Spencer
The diverse gut microbiota, which is associated with mucosal health and general wellbeing, maintains gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in a chronically activated state, including sustainment of germinal centers in a context of high antigenic load. This influences the rules for B cell engagement with antigen and the potential consequences. Recent data have highlighted differences between GALT and
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Durable CD4+ T cell immunity: cherchez la stem Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Erik P. Hughes, Amber R. Syage, Dean Tantin
Mammalian stem cells govern development, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. Following years of study, their functions have been delineated with increasing precision. The past decade has witnessed heightened widespread use of stem cell terminology in association with durable T cell responses to infection, antitumor immunity, and autoimmunity. Interpreting this literature is complicated by the fact
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Human genetic errors of immunity illuminate an adaptive arsenal model of rapid defenses Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-31 Carrie L. Lucas
New discoveries in the field of human monogenic immune diseases highlight critical genes and pathways governing immune responses. Here, I describe how the ~500 currently defined human inborn errors of immunity help shape what I propose is an ‘adaptive arsenal model of rapid defenses’, emphasizing the set of immunological defenses poised for rapid responses in the natural environment. This arsenal blurs
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SARS-CoV-2 evolution from the BA.2.86 to JN.1 variants: unexpected consequences Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-31 Xinling Wang, Lu Lu, Shibo Jiang
SARS-CoV-2 is continuously evolving. The Omicron subvariant BA.2.86, with >30 mutations in its spike (S) protein compared with its predecessor strain BA.2, was expected to quickly become predominant worldwide, but this has not happened. Instead, its descendant strain, JN.1, with just one additional mutation, has become the predominant SARS-CoV-2 subvariant. Here, we offer a possible explanation for
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DNA at the center of mammalian innate immune recognition of bacterial biofilms Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-27 Stefania Gallucci
Historically, the study of innate immune detection of bacterial infections has focused on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria growing as single cells in planktonic phase. However, over the past two decades, studies have highlighted an adaptive advantage of bacteria: the formation of biofilms. These structures are complex fortresses that stand against a hostile
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Mononuclear myeloid cells can shape neutrophils in brain tumors Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Sven Brandau
In most human solid cancer types, a high frequency of intratumoral neutrophils is associated with poor prognosis. In a recent study, Maas et al. identified an intratumoral niche in which mononuclear myeloid cells drive proinflammatory neutrophil activation in brain tumors. This study sheds new light on the intratumoral modulation of neutrophils.
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Gasdermin D triggers cardiolipin-driven mitochondrial damage and pyroptosis Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-18 Qiang Cai, Quazi T.H. Shubhra
In a remarkable recent study, Miao et al. reveal that gasdermin D N-terminal (GSDMD-NT) instigates mitochondrial damage in pyroptosis by forming pores in inner and outer mitochondrial membranes (OMMs). The authors highlight the key role of mitochondrial cardiolipin in the action of GSDMD-NT, and significantly advance our understanding of this inflammatory cell death mechanism.
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Human germline gain-of-function in STAT6: from severe allergic disease to lymphoma and beyond Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-17
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-6 is a transcription factor central to pro-allergic immune responses, although the function of human STAT6 at the whole-organism level has long remained unknown. Germline heterozygous gain-of-function (GOF) rare variants in STAT6 have been recently recognized to cause a broad and severe clinical phenotype of early-onset, multi-system allergic
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Lnc-ing RNA to intestinal homeostasis and inflammation Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-13 Katherine A. Fitzgerald, Liraz Shmuel-Galia
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in numerous biological processes, including the immune system. Initial research in this area focused on cell-based studies, but recent advances underscore the profound significance of lncRNAs at the organismal level, providing invaluable insights into their roles in inflammatory diseases. In this rapidly evolving field, lncRNAs have been described
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How does the microbiota control systemic innate immunity? Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-11 Christine K.I. Jordan, Thomas B. Clarke
The intestinal microbiota has a pervasive influence on mammalian innate immunity fortifying defenses to infection in tissues throughout the host. How intestinal microbes control innate defenses in systemic tissues is, however, poorly defined. In our opinion, there are three core challenges that need addressing to advance our understanding of how the intestinal microbiota controls innate immunity systemically:
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-11
Abstract not available
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B cell phylogenetics in the single cell era Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-27 Kenneth B. Hoehn, Steven H. Kleinstein
The widespread availability of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has led to the development of new methods for understanding immune responses. Single-cell transcriptome data can now be paired with B cell receptor (BCR) sequences. However, RNA from BCRs cannot be analyzed like most other genes because BCRs are genetically diverse within individuals. In humans, BCRs are shaped through recombination
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Double-take: SARS-CoV-2 has evolved to evade human innate immunity, twice Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-24 Ellen F. Foxman
Sequential replacement of the dominant SARS-CoV-2 virus by new variants has been a striking feature of the COVID-19 pandemic. In two recent articles, Bouhaddou et al. and Kehrer et al. demonstrate that, like the original virus, the SARS-CoV-2 omicron strain has progressively evolved to evade host innate immune defenses.
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The many ways in which alphaviruses bind to cells Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 Saravanan Raju, Lucas J. Adams, Michael S. Diamond
Only a subset of viruses can productively infect many different host species. Some arthropod-transmitted viruses, such as alphaviruses, can infect invertebrate and vertebrate species including insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals. This broad tropism may be explained by their ability to engage receptors that are conserved across vertebrate and invertebrate classes. Through several genome-wide loss-of-function
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The potential of mRNA vaccines in cancer nanomedicine and immunotherapy Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 Shulin Pan, Rangrang Fan, Bo Han, Aiping Tong, Gang Guo
Owing to their outstanding performance against COVID-19, mRNA vaccines have brought great hope for combating various incurable diseases, including cancer. Differences in the encoded proteins result in different molecular and cellular mechanisms of mRNA vaccines. With the rapid development of nanotechnology and molecular medicine, personalized antigen-encoding mRNA vaccines that enhance antigen presentation
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Modeling human immune responses to vaccination in vitro Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-21 Elena Morrocchi, Simon van Haren, Paolo Palma, Ofer Levy
The human immune system is a complex network of coordinated components that are crucial for health and disease. Animal models, commonly used to study immunomodulatory agents, are limited by species-specific differences, low throughput, and ethical concerns. In contrast, in vitro modeling of human immune responses can enable species- and population-specific mechanistic studies and translational development
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Chimeric antigen receptor Treg therapy in transplantation Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-19 Siawosh K. Eskandari, Andrea Daccache, Jamil R. Azzi
In the quest for more precise and effective organ transplantation therapies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) regulatory T cell (Treg) therapies represent a potential cutting-edge advance. This review comprehensively analyses CAR Tregs and how they may address important drawbacks of polyclonal Tregs and conventional immunosuppressants. We examine a growing body of preclinical findings of CAR Treg therapy
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Targeting neuraminidase: the next frontier for broadly protective influenza vaccines Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 Nicholas C. Wu, Ali H. Ellebedy
Current seasonal influenza vaccines, which mainly target hemagglutinin (HA), require annual updates due to the continuous antigenic drift of the influenza virus. Developing an influenza vaccine with increased breadth of protection will have significant public health benefits. The recent discovery of broadly protective antibodies to neuraminidase (NA) has provided important insights into developing
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Tumor macrophage functional heterogeneity can inform the development of novel cancer therapies Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Ibraheem Nasir, Conor McGuinness, Ashleigh R. Poh, Matthias Ernst, Phillip K. Darcy, Kara L. Britt
Macrophages represent a key component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are largely associated with poor prognosis. Therapeutic targeting of macrophages has historically focused on inhibiting their recruitment or reprogramming their phenotype from a protumor (M2-like) to an antitumor (M1-like) one. Unfortunately, this approach has not provided clinical breakthroughs that have changed practice
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-22
Abstract not available
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Reframing macrophage diversity with network motifs Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Gabriela A. Pizzurro, Kathryn Miller-Jensen
A binary classification of macrophage activation as inflammatory or resolving does not capture the diversity of macrophage states observed in tissues. However, framing macrophage activation as a continuous spectrum of states overlooks the intracellular and extracellular networks that regulate and coordinate macrophage responses. Here, we suggest that the systems biology concept of network motifs, which
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Homeostatic chemokines as putative therapeutic targets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Remo C. Russo, Valerie F.J. Quesniaux, Bernhard Ryffel
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal chronic interstitial lung disease (ILD) that affects lung mechanical functions and gas exchange. IPF is caused by increased fibroblast activity and collagen deposition that compromise the alveolar–capillary barrier. Identifying an effective therapy for IPF remains a clinical challenge. Chemokines are key proteins in cell communication that have functions
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Diet and immune response: how today’s plate shapes tomorrow’s health Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Francesco Siracusa, Joseph Tintelnot, Filippo Cortesi, Nicola Gagliani
Nutrition is emerging as a promising therapeutic tool to modulate the immune system in health and disease. We propose that the timing of dietary interventions is probably what determines their success. In this context, we explore recent research that identifies the early phases of dietary intervention as critical time windows for modulating immunity and optimizing cancer therapy. Furthermore, we highlight
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Uniting innate and adaptive immunity in glioblastoma; an α-CTLA-4 quest Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Nicolas Camviel, Leila Akkari
Immunotherapies have thus far led to disappointing outcomes in patients suffering from glioblastoma. Published in Immunity, Chen et al.’s recent study shows the therapeutic potential of an αCTLA-4 antibody (Ab), specifically in murine mesenchymal-like glioblastoma. αCTLA-4 Ab efficacy relied on the distinctive cooperation between CD4+ Th1 T cells and microglia, unleashing a potent antitumor response
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Monocyte differentiation within tissues: a renewed outlook Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Alessandra Rigamonti, Javiera Villar, Elodie Segura
When recruited to mammalian tissues, monocytes differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs). In the past few years, the existence of monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) was questioned by the discovery of new DC populations with overlapping phenotypes. Here, we critically review the evidence for monocyte differentiation into DCs in tissues and highlight their specific functions. Recent studies have
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Macrophage states: there's a method in the madness Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-07 Gajanan Katkar, Pradipta Ghosh
Single-cell approaches have shone a spotlight on discrete context-specific tissue macrophage states, deconstructed to their most minute details. Machine-learning (ML) approaches have recently challenged that dogma by revealing a context-agnostic continuum of states shared across tissues. Both approaches agree that ‘brake’ and ‘accelerator’ macrophage subpopulations must be balanced to achieve homeostasis
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Alzheimer’s defense: brain CD8+ T cells in action Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-07 Dan Hu
In a remarkable new study, Su et al. have shown that a specific subpopulation of CD8+ T cells, attracted to brain lesion sites and expanded via microglia-CD8+ T cell CXCL16-CXCR6 intercellular communication, can curb Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related pathology in mouse models.
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Macrophage phenotypes and functions: resolving inflammation and restoring homeostasis Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Patricia Rodríguez-Morales, Ruth A. Franklin
Inflammation must be tightly regulated to both defend against pathogens and restore tissue homeostasis. The resolution of inflammatory responses is a dynamic process orchestrated by cells of the immune system. Macrophages, tissue-resident innate immune cells, are key players in modulating inflammation. Here, we review recent work highlighting the importance of macrophages in tissue resolution and the
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Leveraging human immune organoids for rational vaccine design Trends Immunol. (IF 16.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Jenna M. Kastenschmidt, Suhas Sureshchandra, Lisa E. Wagar
Current influenza A and B virus (IABV) vaccines provide suboptimal protection and efforts are underway to develop a universal IABV vaccine. Blood neutralizing antibodies are the current gold standard for protection, but many processes that regulate human IABV-specific immunity occur in mucosal and lymphoid tissues. We need an improved mechanistic understanding of how immune cells respond within these