Abstract The potential for residential households to go ‘off-grid’ with a photovoltaic-battery storage system in a location where a conventional connection to the electricity network is available has received recent attention. Several studies have reported that at present, in Australia the economics are not justified. These studies have used unmodified electricity consumption profiles from grid-connected households as input to their off-grid system analyses. However, households looking to go off-grid may be motivated to make basic modifications to their consumption pattern so as to minimise the size of the PV-battery system. Here the effects of (i) shifting the booster time of electric storage hot water system to coincide with peak irradiance, (ii) improving the efficiency of air-conditioning appliances, and (iii) shifting pool pump operation and improving pump efficiency are compared and assessed. The analysis uses sub-circuit measurements of electricity consumption from 28 households for up to 2 years. Results show that the hot water and air-conditioning adjustments in particular can improve the economics considerably, even accounting for the fact that the appliance efficiency improvements also lower the grid connected electricity costs. For households seeking to go off-grid, any changes to electricity load profiles that provide a more uniform match of consumption to generation in particular, improve off-grid system economics in comparison to grid electricity, since the true cost of delivering electricity from the grid at peak times is typically spread across all consumers.

中文翻译：

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重新审视离网光伏电池供电的家庭；高效空调和负载转移的影响

摘要 最近，居民家庭通过光伏电池存储系统在可以与电网进行常规连接的地方“离网”的可能性已受到关注。几项研究报告称，目前，在澳大利亚，经济学是不合理的。这些研究使用来自并网家庭的未经修改的电力消耗概况作为其离网系统分析的输入。然而，希望离网的家庭可能有动力对其消费模式进行基本修改，以尽量减少光伏电池系统的规模。这里的效果（i）改变蓄电热水系统的增压时间以与峰值辐照度一致，（ii）提高空调设备的效率，(iii) 对移池泵运行和提高泵效率进行比较和评估。该分析使用了 28 个家庭长达 2 年的用电量的子电路测量。结果表明，特别是热水和空调的调整可以显着提高经济性，即使考虑到家电效率的提高也降低了并网电力成本的事实。对于寻求离网的家庭来说，尤其是提供更统一的消费与发电匹配的电力负荷曲线的任何变化，与电网电力相比，都会提高离网系统的经济性，因为从电网输送电力的真实成本在高峰时间通常分布在所有消费者中。该分析使用了 28 个家庭长达 2 年的用电量的子电路测量。结果表明，特别是热水和空调的调整可以显着提高经济性，即使考虑到家电效率的提高也降低了并网电力成本的事实。对于寻求离网的家庭来说，尤其是提供更统一的消费与发电匹配的电力负荷曲线的任何变化，与电网电力相比，都会提高离网系统的经济性，因为从电网输送电力的真实成本在高峰时间通常分布在所有消费者中。该分析使用了 28 个家庭长达 2 年的电力消耗的子电路测量。结果表明，特别是热水和空调的调整可以显着提高经济性，即使考虑到家电效率的提高也降低了并网电力成本的事实。对于寻求离网的家庭来说，尤其是提供更统一的消费与发电匹配的电力负荷曲线的任何变化，与电网电力相比，都会提高离网系统的经济性，因为从电网输送电力的真实成本在高峰时间通常分布在所有消费者中。结果表明，特别是热水和空调的调整可以显着提高经济性，即使考虑到家电效率的提高也降低了并网电力成本的事实。对于寻求离网的家庭来说，尤其是提供更统一的消费与发电匹配的电力负荷曲线的任何变化，与电网电力相比，都会提高离网系统的经济性，因为从电网输送电力的真实成本在高峰时间通常分布在所有消费者中。结果表明，特别是热水和空调的调整可以显着提高经济性，即使考虑到家电效率的提高也降低了并网电力成本的事实。对于寻求离网的家庭来说，尤其是提供更统一的消费与发电匹配的电力负荷曲线的任何变化，与电网电力相比，都会提高离网系统的经济性，因为从电网输送电力的真实成本在高峰时间通常分布在所有消费者中。