TRAIL is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that can largely trigger apoptosis in a wide variety of cancer cells, but not in normal cells. However, insufficient exposure to cancer tissues or cells and drug resistance has severely impeded the clinical application of TRAIL. Recently, nanobiotechnology has brought about a revolution in advanced drug delivery for enhanced anticancer therapy using TRAIL. With the help of materials science, immunology, genetic engineering, and protein engineering, substantial progress is made by expressing fusion proteins with TRAIL, engineering TRAIL on biological membranes, and loading TRAIL into functional nanocarriers or conjugating it onto their surfaces. Thus, the nanoparticle‐based TRAIL (nanoTRAIL) opens up intriguing opportunities for efficient and safe bioapplications. In this review, the mechanisms of action and biological function of TRAIL, as well as the current status of TRAIL treatment, are comprehensively discussed. The application of functional nanotechnology combined with TRAIL in cancer therapy is also discussed.

中文翻译：

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NanoTRAIL-肿瘤学：癌症研究和治疗中的战略方法

TRAIL是肿瘤坏死因子超家族的成员，可以在多种癌细胞中引发凋亡，而在正常细胞中却不。但是，未充分暴露于癌组织或细胞和耐药性严重阻碍了TRAIL的临床应用。近来，纳米生物技术带来了先进的药物输送革命，以使用TRAIL增强抗癌治疗。在材料科学，免疫学，基因工程和蛋白质工程的帮助下，通过与TRAIL表达融合蛋白，在生物膜上工程化TRAIL并将TRAIL装载到功能性纳米载体中或缀合到其表面上，已取得了实质性进展。因此，基于纳米颗粒的TRAIL（nanoTRAIL）为高效，安全的生物应用提供了诱人的机会。在这篇评论中，全面讨论了TRAIL的作用机理和生物学功能，以及TRAIL治疗的现状。还讨论了功能纳米技术与TRAIL结合在癌症治疗中的应用。