Microbial modulation of diabetes Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by various human gut microbes. SCFAs act as an energy source to the colonic epithelium and are also sensed by host signaling pathways that modulate appetite and inflammation. Deficiency of gut SCFAs is associated with type 2 diabetes. Zhao et al. found that adopting a high-fiber diet promoted the growth of SCFA-producing organisms in diabetic humans. The high-fiber diet induced changes in the entire gut microbe community and correlated with elevated levels of glucagon-like peptide-1, a decline in acetylated hemoglobin levels, and improved blood-glucose regulation. Science, this issue p. 1151 Increasing dietary fiber intake increases the abundance of short-chain fatty acid–producing gut microbes and relieves diabetes. The gut microbiota benefits humans via short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from carbohydrate fermentation, and deficiency in SCFA production is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a randomized clinical study of specifically designed isoenergetic diets, together with fecal shotgun metagenomics, to show that a select group of SCFA-producing strains was promoted by dietary fibers and that most other potential producers were either diminished or unchanged in patients with T2DM. When the fiber-promoted SCFA producers were present in greater diversity and abundance, participants had better improvement in hemoglobin A1c levels, partly via increased glucagon-like peptide-1 production. Promotion of these positive responders diminished producers of metabolically detrimental compounds such as indole and hydrogen sulfide. Targeted restoration of these SCFA producers may present a novel ecological approach for managing T2DM.

中文翻译：

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膳食纤维选择性促进肠道细菌缓解2型糖尿病

糖尿病的微生物调节短链脂肪酸 (SCFA) 由各种人类肠道微生物产生。SCFAs 作为结肠上皮的能量来源，也被调节食欲和炎症的宿主信号通路感知。肠道 SCFA 的缺乏与 2 型糖尿病有关。赵等人。发现采用高纤维饮食促进了糖尿病人体内产生 SCFA 的生物体的生长。高纤维饮食诱导了整个肠道微生物群落的变化，并与胰高血糖素样肽 1 水平升高、乙酰化血红蛋白水平下降和血糖调节改善相关。科学，这个问题 p。1151 增加膳食纤维摄入量会增加产生短链脂肪酸的肠道微生物的数量并缓解糖尿病。肠道微生物群通过碳水化合物发酵产生短链脂肪酸 (SCFA) 使人类受益，而 SCFA 产生不足与 2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 相关。我们对专门设计的等能饮食以及粪便鸟枪宏基因组学进行了一项随机临床研究，以表明膳食纤维促进了一组选定的产生 SCFA 的菌株，并且大多数其他潜在的生产者在 T2DM 患者中要么减少要么不变。当纤维促进的 SCFA 生产者以更大的多样性和丰度存在时，参与者的血红蛋白 A1c 水平有更好的改善，部分原因是胰高血糖素样肽 1 的产生增加。这些积极响应者的促进减少了对代谢有害的化合物（如吲哚和硫化氢）的产生。