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Titin cardiomyopathy: why we need to go big to understand the giant
European Heart Journal ( IF 39.3 ) Pub Date : 2018-03-07 , DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy109
Upasana Tayal 1 , Sanjay K Prasad 2
Affiliation  

Truncating variants in the titin gene (TTNtv) are the most common genetic contributor to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), found in 15% of unselected DCM patients and up to 27% of end-stage DCM patients. As such, identification of reproducible and clinically informative genotype–phenotype correlations offers potential for precision genotype-guided management of DCM. Titin is the largest human protein. It is expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle, and is integral to sarcomere structure and function. In cardiomyocytes, one titin molecule spans the hemi-sarcomere from the Z disc to the M line. Titin has roles in maintaining sarcomere integrity, force transmission, stretch sensing, and signalling. It is composed of four modular domains (Z disc, I band, A band, and M line), with the extensible I band contributing to sarcomere relaxation and contraction. Dilated cardiomyopathy has been shown to have a familial basis in 20–30% of cases. A genetic basis to DCM has been proposed in 40% of cases, although with a more critical evaluation of the genes linked to DCM the true percentage is likely to be smaller. The identification of TTNtv in DCM, however, has substantially increased the number of informative genetic tests. In the clinic, these data are particularly useful for informing cascade screening. The odds ratios for TTNtv in constitutively expressed exons (spliced into the final transcript with an efficiency of >90%) in the I (19–32) or A (49.8) bands are high. Such a variant in the affected proband that is absent in an unaffected relative ought to facilitate the discharge of the relative from ongoing clinical follow-up; cost-effective for the healthcare system and importantly reassuring for the individual. There are a number of unanswered questions, and what remains unclear is how current data can be used to guide clinical management in an affected individual. What is the genotype–phenotype interaction and what does having a TTNtv mean with respect to longer term clinical outcomes—particularly compared with other forms of DCM? What are the mechanisms underpinning any differences in disease expression and how responsive is TTNtv DCM compared with other causes of DCM to usual therapy? The higher prevalence of TTNtv in patients with end-stage heart failure in earlier studies has previously led to the conclusion that TTNtv are associated with a more severe phenotype and could inform prognosis. There have now been a number of TTNtv DCM phenotype studies, including our own recently published study of 83 TTNtv DCM patients amongst a cohort of >700 DCM patients. Common to these studies so far is the finding that there are no clear phenotypic differences in biventricular function or distinctly different clinical outcomes between DCM patients with and without TTNtv. To date, TTNtv DCM is associated with early ventricular and atrial arrhythmias, but studies have not consistently shown an association with arrhythmias occurring later in the disease course. In addition, it has been postulated that environmental factors could interact with TTNtv to modify the DCM phenotype. This has not yet been robustly evaluated. The elegant study by Verdonschot et al. in this issue of the journal seeks to address a number of these issues. The authors evaluate the phenotype of 38 patients with TTNtv, taken from a mixed DCM and hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy cohort of 303 patients. All patients underwent detailed evaluation including echocardiography, sequencing, as well as metabolic profiling. A high proportion had cardiovascular magnetic resonance for fibrosis detection and an endomyocardial biopsy to facilitate RNA sequencing, including evaluation of molecular pathways. A number of important observations are made. At baseline, the study replicates recent findings of a limited hypertrophic response in TTNtv DCM and confirms that there are no other clear phenotypic differences between positive and negative TTNtv groups. Patients were followed up for a median of 45 months for the primary composite endpoint of death, cardiac transplant, heart failure hospitalization, and major ventricular arrhythmias. In line with our

中文翻译:

Titin 心肌病:为什么我们需要深入了解这个巨人

肌联蛋白基因 (TTNtv) 中的截断变异是扩张型心肌病 (DCM) 最常见的遗传因素,在 15% 的未选择 DCM 患者和高达 27% 的终末期 DCM 患者中发现。因此,确定可重复且具有临床信息的基因型-表型相关性为 DCM 的精确基因型指导管理提供了潜力。肌联蛋白是最大的人类蛋白质。它在心肌和骨骼肌中表达,是肌节结构和功能的组成部分。在心肌细胞中,一个肌联蛋白分子跨越从 Z 盘到 M 线的半肌节。Titin 在维持肌节完整性、力传递、拉伸感知和信号传递方面发挥作用。它由四个模块域(Z 盘、I 带、A 带和 M 线)组成,可扩展的 I 带有助于肌节的松弛和收缩。扩张型心肌病已被证明在 20-30% 的病例中有家族基础。在 40% 的病例中提出了 DCM 的遗传基础,尽管对与 DCM 相关的基因进行更严格的评估,真实百分比可能会更小。然而,DCM 中 TTNtv 的鉴定大大增加了信息性基因测试的数量。在临床中,这些数据对于告知级联筛查特别有用。TTNtv 在 I (19-32) 或 A (49.8) 条带中组成型表达的外显子(以 >90% 的效率拼接成最终转录本)的优势比很高。未受影响的亲属中不存在受影响的先证者的这种变异应该有助于使亲属从正在进行的临床随访中解脱出来;对医疗保健系统来说具有成本效益,而且对个人来说重要的是让人放心。有许多悬而未决的问题,目前尚不清楚的是如何使用当前数据来指导受影响个体的临床管理。基因型-表型相互作用是什么?对于长期临床结果,尤其是与其他形式的 DCM 相比,TTNtv 意味着什么?支持疾病表达差异的机制是什么?与其他 DCM 病因相比,TTNtv DCM 对常规治疗的反应如何?在早期的研究中,终末期心力衰竭患者中 TTNtv 的患病率较高,此前已经得出结论,即 TTNtv 与更严重的表型相关,可以为预后提供信息。现在已经有许多 TTNtv DCM 表型研究,包括我们自己最近发表的对超过 700 名 DCM 患者队列中的 83 名 TTNtv DCM 患者的研究。迄今为止,这些研究的共同点是发现有和没有 TTNtv 的 DCM 患者的双心室功能没有明显的表型差异或明显不同的临床结果。迄今为止,TTNtv DCM 与早期室性和房性心律失常有关,但研究并未一致显示与病程后期发生的心律失常相关。此外,已经假设环境因素可以与 TTNtv 相互作用以改变 DCM 表型。这还没有得到有力的评估。Verdonschot 等人的优雅研究。本期杂志试图解决其中的一些问题。作者评估了 38 名 TTNtv 患者的表型,取自 303 名患者的混合 DCM 和运动不足的非扩张型心肌病队列。所有患者都接受了详细的评估,包括超声心动图、测序以及代谢分析。很大一部分人具有用于纤维化检测的心血管磁共振和用于促进 RNA 测序的心内膜心肌活检,包括分子途径的评估。进行了一些重要的观察。在基线时,该研究重复了 TTNtv DCM 中有限肥大反应的最新发现,并确认阳性和阴性 TTNtv 组之间没有其他明显的表型差异。对死亡、心脏移植、心力衰竭住院和严重室性心律失常的主要复合终点对患者进行中位随访 45 个月。符合我们的 所有患者都接受了详细的评估,包括超声心动图、测序以及代谢分析。很大一部分人具有用于纤维化检测的心血管磁共振和用于促进 RNA 测序的心内膜心肌活检,包括分子途径的评估。进行了一些重要的观察。在基线时,该研究重复了 TTNtv DCM 中有限肥大反应的最新发现,并确认阳性和阴性 TTNtv 组之间没有其他明显的表型差异。对死亡、心脏移植、心力衰竭住院和严重室性心律失常的主要复合终点对患者进行中位随访 45 个月。符合我们的 所有患者都接受了详细的评估,包括超声心动图、测序以及代谢分析。很大一部分人具有用于纤维化检测的心血管磁共振和用于促进 RNA 测序的心内膜心肌活检,包括分子途径的评估。进行了一些重要的观察。在基线时,该研究重复了 TTNtv DCM 中有限肥大反应的最新发现,并确认阳性和阴性 TTNtv 组之间没有其他明显的表型差异。对死亡、心脏移植、心力衰竭住院和严重室性心律失常的主要复合终点对患者进行中位随访 45 个月。符合我们的 很大一部分人具有用于纤维化检测的心血管磁共振和用于促进 RNA 测序的心内膜心肌活检,包括分子途径的评估。进行了一些重要的观察。在基线时,该研究重复了 TTNtv DCM 中有限肥大反应的最新发现,并确认阳性和阴性 TTNtv 组之间没有其他明显的表型差异。对死亡、心脏移植、心力衰竭住院和严重室性心律失常的主要复合终点对患者进行中位随访 45 个月。符合我们的 很大一部分人具有用于纤维化检测的心血管磁共振和用于促进 RNA 测序的心内膜心肌活检,包括分子途径的评估。进行了一些重要的观察。在基线时,该研究重复了 TTNtv DCM 中有限肥大反应的最新发现,并确认阳性和阴性 TTNtv 组之间没有其他明显的表型差异。对死亡、心脏移植、心力衰竭住院和严重室性心律失常的主要复合终点对患者进行中位随访 45 个月。符合我们的 在基线时,该研究重复了 TTNtv DCM 中有限肥大反应的最新发现,并确认阳性和阴性 TTNtv 组之间没有其他明显的表型差异。对死亡、心脏移植、心力衰竭住院和严重室性心律失常的主要复合终点对患者进行中位随访 45 个月。符合我们的 在基线时,该研究重复了 TTNtv DCM 中有限肥大反应的最新发现,并确认阳性和阴性 TTNtv 组之间没有其他明显的表型差异。对死亡、心脏移植、心力衰竭住院和严重室性心律失常的主要复合终点对患者进行中位随访 45 个月。符合我们的
更新日期:2018-03-07
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