In nature, interfacial molecular interactions are at the heart of all biological processes and are mediated by diverse stimuli. Inspired by nature's responsive mechanisms and our increased capability to manipulate matter at the molecular level, new bio-interface materials are being developed that respond efficiently to a variety of external stimuli. In this Review, we discuss emerging methods for imparting surfaces with dynamic properties and how this, in turn, is leading to increased functional complexity at the bio-interface. We examine how recent advances are becoming important in providing new insights into cell behaviour and spurring substantial progress in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. These advances provide new opportunities to address the complex issues associated with biofouling and facilitate the production of implantable on-demand sensing devices and highly effective delivery, bioseparation and bioelectrocatalytic systems. Although progress is being made, we also highlight that current methods are still limited in their capability to impart complex functionality onto the bio-interface to fully address the current challenges in biotechnology and biomedicine. Exciting prospects include the incorporation of full reversibility of interactions, a broad repertoire of multi-responsiveness and bidirectional actuation at the bio-interface, as well as the capability to incorporate the developed systems in practical applications.

在自然界中，界面分子相互作用是所有生物过程的核心，并由多种刺激介导。受大自然的反应机制和我们在分子水平上操纵物质的增强能力的启发，正在开发对各种外部刺激有效反应的新型生物界面材料。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了赋予表面动态特性的新兴方法，以及这又如何导致生物界面功能复杂性的提高。我们研究了最近的进展如何在提供有关细胞行为的新见解以及促进再生医学和组织工程领域的实质性进展方面变得越来越重要。这些进步为解决与生物污染相关的复杂问题提供了新的机遇，并促进了可植入式按需传感设备的生产以及高效的输送，生物分离和生物电催化系统的生产。尽管正在取得进展，但我们也强调指出，当前方法在将复杂功能赋予生物界面以完全解决生物技术和生物医学当前挑战方面的能力仍然有限。令人兴奋的前景包括整合了相互作用的完全可逆性，在生物界面上具有广泛的多响应性和双向驱动功能，以及将已开发的系统整合到实际应用中的能力。生物分离和生物电催化系统。尽管正在取得进展，但我们也强调指出，当前方法在将复杂功能赋予生物界面以完全解决生物技术和生物医学当前挑战方面的能力仍然有限。令人兴奋的前景包括整合了相互作用的完全可逆性，在生物界面上具有广泛的多响应性和双向驱动功能，以及将已开发的系统整合到实际应用中的能力。生物分离和生物电催化系统。尽管正在取得进展，但我们也强调指出，当前方法在将复杂功能赋予生物界面以完全解决生物技术和生物医学当前挑战方面的能力仍然有限。令人兴奋的前景包括整合了相互作用的完全可逆性，在生物界面上具有广泛的多响应性和双向驱动功能，以及将已开发的系统整合到实际应用中的能力。