Heterogeneous interfaces play important roles in a variety of functional material systems and technologies, such as catalysis, batteries, and devices. A fundamental understanding of efficient functions at interfaces under realistic conditions is crucial for sophisticated designs of useful material systems and novel devices. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is one of the most promising and common methods to investigate such material systems. Although X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is usually conducted under high vacuum because of the requirement of electron detection with the precise measurement of kinetic energies, extensive efforts have been devoted to the measurements in gaseous environments. Very recently, we have succeeded in measuring X-ray photoelectron spectra under real ambient atmosphere (10⁵ Pa), using synchrotron radiation hard X-rays with the photon energy of 8 keV and the windowless electron spectrometer system.

中文翻译：

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功能材料系统在工作条件下作为燃料电池的环境压力硬X射线光电子能谱

异质界面在各种功能材料系统和技术（例如催化，电池和设备）中起着重要作用。对于实际条件下接口的有效功能的基本理解对于有用材料系统和新颖设备的复杂设计至关重要。X射线光电子能谱是研究这种材料系统的最有前途和最常用的方法之一。尽管由于电子检测的要求以及动能的精确测量，X射线光电子能谱通常在高真空下进行，但是在气态环境下的测量已经投入了巨大的努力。最近，我们已经成功地在实际环境气氛下测量X射线光电子能谱（10 ⁵ Pa），使用8 keV光子能量的同步加速器辐射硬X射线和无窗电子光谱仪系统。