Environment International ( IF 11.8 ) Pub Date : 2018-03-05 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.007 John Jensen , Niels Christian Kyvsgaard , Antonio Battisti , Keith Edward Baptiste
At great economic cost, important steps have been taken over the last many decades to reduce and control emissions of heavy metals in order to protect the environment and public health. Monitoring has confirmed the success of these policies with progressive declines of heavy metals in for example air, sewage sludge and environmental samples. For zinc, such improvements may nevertheless be counter-acted by its widely usage as a feed additive and veterinary medicinal product to piglets in the post-weaning period resulting in reduced occurrence of diarrhea and improvement of daily weight gain. This review therefore focuses on two major concerns associated with veterinary use of zinc, namely the quantifiable risks to the environment and promotion of (multi) resistant bacteria like LA-MRSA in pig farms. Denmark is used as an informed and realistic worst-case scenario, representing the largest pig production per capita in Europe. It is furthermore, one of the countries where most recent information can be found regarding soil monitoring data and zinc consumption within the pig production. An average increase in soil concentration by >45% was recently reported within the period 1998–2014. In order to predict future risk, this review presents new and simplified model predictions using current soil concentrations, annual load rates and predicted accumulation rates. In conclusion, it is estimated that within 25 years, continued agricultural practice of current zinc loads may result in a situation where almost all soils receiving manure from intensive piglet production may be at risk, but also other pig production types may result in scenarios with predicted risk to soil dwelling species, especially in sandy soils. Besides the quantifiable risks to soil ecosystems, high levels of zinc furthermore co-select for the persistence of LA-MRSA CC398 and other resistant bacteria on pig farms.
中文翻译:
生猪生产中与环境和公共卫生有关的兽医锌风险-以丹麦为例
在过去数十年中,为保护环境和公众健康,已经采取了重要的措施来减少和控制重金属的排放,为此付出了巨大的经济代价。监测证实了这些政策的成功,其中包括空气,污水污泥和环境样品中的重金属含量不断下降。对于锌,在断奶后时期广泛用作仔猪的饲料添加剂和兽药,可能抵消了锌的改善,从而减少了腹泻的发生并改善了日增重。因此,本综述着重于与兽医使用锌有关的两个主要问题,即对环境的可量化风险以及在猪场中促进(多重)抗性细菌,如LA-MRSA。丹麦被用作一个知情且现实的最坏情况,代表了欧洲人均养猪产量最高的国家。此外,它是可以找到有关土壤监测数据和生猪生产中锌消耗量的最新信息的国家之一。据报道,1998年至2014年期间,土壤浓度平均增加了> 45%。为了预测未来的风险,本次综述使用当前土壤浓度,年负荷率和预测的累积率对模型进行了新的简化预测。总之,据估计,在25年内,当前的锌负荷持续的农业实践可能导致几乎所有因集约化仔猪生产而产生肥料的土壤都处于危险之中,但其他生猪生产类型也可能导致对土壤居住物种(尤其是沙质土壤)具有预测风险的情景。除了对土壤生态系统的可量化风险外,高水平的锌还共同选择了LA-MRSA CC398和其他抗药性细菌在养猪场中的持久性。