This study examined dermal and inhalation exposure of agricultural operators to kresoxim-methyl during pesticide mixing/loading and speed sprayer application (10 replicates, each of 3000 L of spray suspension) in an apple orchard and performed risk assessment. For the whole body dosimetry (WBD) exposure protocol, outer clothing, inner clothing, gauze, and nitrile gloves were examined to measure dermal exposure. In contrast, an IOM (institute of occupational medicine) sampler with a glass fiber filter was used to measure inhalation exposure. Analytical method accuracy in the exposure matrices was evaluated by a field recovery study. The dermal and inhalation exposure amounts for mixing/loading were 9.7 mg [0.002% of the total mixed/loaded active ingredient (a.i.)] and 1.2 µg (1.7 × 10⁻⁶% of the total mixed/loaded a.i.), respectively. The body parts more exposed were the forearms (35.5%), chest & stomach (30.2%), and hands (17.9%). During application, the dermal and inhalation exposure amounts were 66.5 mg (0.009% of the total applied a.i) and 34.8 µg (4.6 × 10^−5% of the total applied a.i.), respectively. The shins (18.5%) and chest & stomach (16.0%) were exposed to higher proportion of pesticide, followed by the thighs (15.8%) and back (14.7%). Comparing the exposure pattern as assessed by the WBD method in the present study with the patch method as in our previous study, the ADE (actual dermal exposure) as measured by the WBD method was 25 times less than that measured by the patch method. The daily exposure amounts of ADE and AIE (actual inhalation exposure) for mixing/loading were 711.8 µg/day and 4.3 µg/day, respectively, whereas the amounts of ADE and AIE for application were 1825.8 µg/day and 116.1 µg/day. In risk assessment of the mixing/loading and application scenarios, the AOEL (acceptable operator exposure level) of kresoxim-methyl was used as the reference dose to show that the RI (risk index) was much lower than 1, indicating that agricultural operators are at low risk of exposure to kresoxim-methyl.

这项研究检查了在苹果园中农药混合/装载和快速喷雾器施药过程中农业操作者对甲氨蝶呤的皮肤和吸入暴露（10份重复，每份3000 L喷雾悬浮液），并进行了风险评估。对于全身剂量（WBD）暴露规程，检查了外衣，内衣，纱布和丁腈手套，以测量皮肤暴露量。相反，带有玻璃纤维过滤器的IOM（职业医学研究所）采样器用于测量吸入暴露。通过现场回收研究评估了暴露矩阵中分析方法的准确性。混合/负载的皮肤和吸入暴露量为9.7 mg [占混合/负载的总活性成分（ai）的0.002％）和1.2 µg（1.7×10 ^-6分别占混合/加载的ai）的百分比。暴露程度更高的身体部位是前臂（35.5％），胸部和胃部（30.2％）和手（17.9％）。在使用过程中，皮肤和吸入暴露量分别为66.5 mg（占全部ai的0.009％）和34.8 µg（4.6×10 ^-5％）分别占应用的ai）的总和。胫骨（18.5％）和胸腹（16.0％）暴露于较高比例的农药中，大腿（15.8％）和背部（14.7％）。将本研究中通过WBD方法评估的暴露模式与我们先前研究中的贴片方法进行比较，通过WBD方法测得的ADE（实际皮肤暴露）比通过贴片方法测得的ADE少25倍。混合/加料的ADE和AIE（实际吸入暴露）的日暴露量分别为711.8 µg /天和4.3 µg /天，而ADE和AIE的施用量分别为1825.8 µg /天和116.1 µg /天。在混合/装载和应用场景的风险评估中，