Abstract Recently, the use of nanoparticles in extraction columns has gained increasing attention due to their potential to enhance mass transfer processes. Most of the reported work, however, has been concerned with mass transfer enhancement in gas–liquid systems in the presence of nanoparticles, while limited studies of liquid–liquid systems have been reported. Liquid–liquid extraction is an extensively employed separation method that has taken on a substantial role in engineering and industrial applications for recovery processes. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art from the available literature on the effect of nanoparticles on the hydrodynamic behavior and mass transfer performance of liquid–liquid systems. Attention is also given to providing an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the improvements in mass transfer with the use of nanoparticles. In the majority of studies, the presence of nanoparticles was found to be beneficial and to lead to improved mass transfer, although a few investigations reported a detrimental impact of nanoparticles. The literature does not clearly describe the conditions under which the addition of nanoparticles would be unfavorable. Moreover, the addition of nanoparticles always introduces potential drawbacks, such as sedimentation, accumulation, or clogging inside extraction columns, as well as the need to separate the nanoparticles at the outlets. These drawbacks have not been considered in the literature, limiting the practical employment of nanoparticles in this industry.

中文翻译：

---

纳米颗粒在液-液萃取中的应用综述

摘要 最近，纳米颗粒在萃取柱中的使用由于其增强传质过程的潜力而受到越来越多的关注。然而，大多数报道的工作都涉及在存在纳米粒子的情况下气液系统中的传质增强，而对液液系统的研究却很有限。液-液萃取是一种广泛使用的分离方法，在回收过程的工程和工业应用中发挥了重要作用。因此，这篇评论文章的目的是从现有文献中概述纳米粒子对液-液系统的流体动力学行为和传质性能的影响的最新技术。还注意提供对使用纳米颗粒改善传质的机制的理解。在大多数研究中，发现纳米颗粒的存在是有益的，并能改善传质，尽管一些研究报告了纳米颗粒的不利影响。文献没有清楚地描述添加纳米粒子在哪些条件下是不利的。此外，添加纳米颗粒总是会带来潜在的缺点，例如在萃取柱内沉淀、积聚或堵塞，以及需要在出口处分离纳米颗粒。文献中没有考虑到这些缺点，限制了纳米粒子在该行业中的实际应用。