More than 40 years of research and clinical practice have proven the effectiveness of dopamine receptor antagonists in the pharmacological treatment of tics. A blockade of the striatal dopamine-D2 receptors is mainly responsible for their tic-reducing effect. A broad spectrum of dopamine-modulating agents, such as typical and atypical antipsychotics, but also dopamine receptor agonists are used with an immanent discord between experts about which of them should be considered as first choice. The present Review outlines the state of the art on pharmacological treatment of tics with dopamine-modulating agents by giving an systematic overview of studies on their effectiveness and a critical discussion of their specific adverse effects. It is considered as an update of a previous review of our research group published in 2013. The Review closes with a description of the current resulting treatment recommendations including the results of a first published revised survey on European expert’s prescription preferences. Based on the enormously growing evidence on its effectiveness and safety, aripiprazole currently seems to be the most promising agent in the pharmacological treatment of tics. Furthermore, benzamides (especially tiapride), which are commonly used in Europe, have proven their excellent effectiveness–tolerability profile over decades in clinical practice and are therefore also highly recommended for the treatment of tics. Nevertheless, pharmacological treatment of tics remains an indiviual choice depending on each patient’s own specific needs.

中文翻译：

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多巴胺调节剂对tics的药理治疗进展

40多年的研究和临床实践证明了多巴胺受体拮抗剂在抽搐症的药理治疗中的有效性。纹状体多巴胺-D2受体的阻滞主要是其减少抽动的作用。广泛使用多巴胺调节剂，例如典型的和非典型的抗精神病药，但也使用多巴胺受体激动剂，专家之间存在着内在的矛盾，专家们不知道应将哪一种视为首选。本综述通过对多巴胺调节剂有效性的研究进行系统综述，并对它们的具体不良影响进行了严格的讨论，概述了用多巴胺调节剂对抽动症进行药物治疗的最新技术。它被视为对我们的研究小组在2013年发布的先前评论的更新。回顾以对当前产生的治疗建议的描述作为结尾，包括有关欧洲专家的处方偏爱的首次发布的修订调查的结果。基于其有效性和安全性的日益增长的证据，阿立哌唑目前似乎是抽搐治疗的最有希望的药物。此外，在欧洲数十年来，苯甲酰胺（尤其是tiapride）已在临床实践中证明了其优异的功效-耐受性，因此也强烈推荐用于抽动抽搐的治疗。尽管如此，抽搐的药理治疗仍然是每个人的选择，具体取决于每个患者自身的特定需求。