Protein kinases are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes including cell differentiation, survival, migration, axon guidance and neuronal plasticity. A growing set of optogenetic tools, termed opto-kinases, allows activation and inhibition of different protein kinases with light. The optogenetic regulation enables fast, reversible and non-invasive manipulation of protein kinase activities, complementing traditional methods, such as treatment with growth factors, protein kinase inhibitors or chemical dimerizers. In this review, we summarize the properties of the existing optogenetic tools for controlling tyrosine kinases and serine–threonine kinases. We discuss how the opto-kinases can be applied for studies of spatial and temporal aspects of protein kinase signaling in cells and organisms. We compare approaches for chemical and optogenetic regulation of protein kinase activity and present guidelines for selection of opto-kinases and equipment to control them with light. We also describe strategies to engineer novel opto-kinases on the basis of various photoreceptors.

中文翻译：

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光遗传学控制的蛋白激酶，调节细胞信号转导

蛋白激酶参与许多细胞过程的调节，包括细胞分化，存活，迁移，轴突引导和神经元可塑性。越来越多的光遗传学工具（称为光激酶）可以激活和抑制不同的蛋白激酶。光遗传学调控可实现蛋白激酶活性的快速，可逆和非侵入性操作，从而补充了传统方法，例如用生长因子，蛋白激酶抑制剂或化学二聚体进行治疗。在这篇综述中，我们总结了控制酪氨酸激酶和丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶的现有光遗传学工具的特性。我们讨论了如何将光激酶应用于细胞和生物体中蛋白激酶信号传导的时空方面的研究。我们比较了化学和光遗传学调节蛋白激酶活性的方法，并提出了选择光激酶的指导方针和用光控制它们的设备。我们还描述了在各种感光器的基础上工程化新型光电激酶的策略。