Low-temperature planar organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells have been at the center of attraction as power conversion efficiencies go beyond 20%. Here, we investigate Nb doping of SnO₂ deposited by a low-cost, scalable chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. We study the effects of doping on compositional, structural, morphological, and device performance when these layers are employed as electron-selective layers (ESLs) in planar-structured PSCs. We use doping concentrations of 0, 1, 5, and 10 mol % Nb to Sn in solution. The ESLs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. ESLs with an optimum 5 mol % Nb doping yielded, on average, an improvement of all the device photovoltaic parameters with a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.5% (20.1% stabilized).

中文翻译：

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平面钙钛矿太阳能电池中低温掺杂Nb的SnO ₂电子选择性接触产率超过20％

随着功率转换效率超过20％，低温平面有机-无机卤化铅钙钛矿太阳能电池成为人们关注的焦点。在这里，我们研究SnO _2的Nb掺杂通过低成本，可扩展的化学浴沉积（CBD）方法进行沉积。当这些层用作平面结构PSC中的电子选择层（ESL）时，我们研究了掺杂对成分，结构，形态和器件性能的影响。我们对溶液中的Sn使用0、1、5和10 mol％Nb的掺杂浓度。ESL的特征在于X射线衍射，X射线光电子能谱，扫描电子显微镜，原子力显微镜和紫外可见光谱。平均来说，具有最佳5 mol％Nb掺杂的ESL可以改善所有器件的光伏参数，其最佳功率转换效率为20.5％（稳定20.1％）。